LIKOOLK
266
LIHOOLH
in silver mines and metalliferous ores. The town was
founded by the Spaniards in 1581 and long bore the
name of Le6n. In September, 1846, during the war
between the United States and Mexico, General Taylor
with 6700 men assaulted Monterey, which was de-
fended by General Ampudia and 10,000 Mexicans. It
capitulated on 24 September, and the battle of Mon-
terey is famous owing to the very liberal terms of
capitulation granted by General Taylor. The town
of Linares from which the archdiocese derives its
ecclesiastical name is situated on the left bank of the
River Tigris about fifty miles from Monterey. The
population of the archdiocese is 327,937, and mcludcs
the whole of the State of Nuevo Le6n, an area of
23,592 sq. miles.
The chapter consists of a dean and four canons: there are eighty secular priests, and seventy-five churches: the seminary contains twenty stuaents. The present archbishop is Rt. Rev. Leopold Ruiz y F16rez, l)om at Amealco in the Diocese of Queretaro, 13 November, 1865, appointed to Le6n 1 October, 1900, and transferred to Monterey 14 September, 1907. lie succeeded Archbishop Garcfa Zamorano, a native of Monterey who had occupied the see from 19 April, 1900. The See of Linares was orieinally in the hands of the Friars Minor, and among the members of that order who succeeded its first bishop, Fray Antonio de Jesus, were Fray R. J. Verger (1782-1791); Andrew Ambrose de Llanos y Valdes (1791-1801); Prima Feliciano Marin di Tamaros (1801-1817); Jos. Ign. de Aranciva (1817-1831); Jos. de Jesiis (1831-1843). In the archdiocese there is 1 college with 50 students; 2 schools under the care of the Brothers of Mary with 250 boys; 2 schools (Christian Brothers), 400pupib; 3 academies (Sisters of the Incarnate Wora), 250 pupils; 2 academies (Salesian Sisters), 190 pupils; 1 academy, the Religious of the Sacred Heart, 50 pupils; 7 parochial schools; 2 orphan asylums; 1 hospital: 1 nom«j for the ageil. ropulatiou practically fdl C.itliolic.
Ann. Pont. Caifi. (1910): Gerarchia Cattolica (1910); Ban- cHoi-T, History of Mrxico, \ (Sim Francisco, 1885); Howard, General Taylor (New York, 1892); Diccionario de Cienciaa Ede-
9itistica», 8, V. J. c. Grey.
Lincoln, Diocese of (Lincolniensis), suffragan of Dubuque, erected 2 August, 1887, to include that part of the State of Nebraska, U. S. A., south of the Platte River; area 23,844 scpare miles. There were about 17,000 Cathohcs in tue section of Nebraska out of which the diocese was formed, organized in 27 parishes attended by 28 secular and 3 regular priests. Added to these were 38 missions with churches, 40 stations without churches, and 1 chapel. The Jesuit-s and Benedictines had representatives working among the clergy, and Benedictine Nuns and Sisters of the Holy Child took charge of the three schools established, in which about 290 children were enrolled. The Rev. Thomas Bonacum, rector of the Church of the Holy Name, St. Louis, Missouri, was appointed the first bishop, consecrated 30 November, 1887, and took formal possession of the see on 2 1 December following. He was boni near Thurles, County Tipperary, Ireland, 29 January, 1847, and emigrated in infancv with his parents to the United States, settling at St. Louis. He studied at St. Vincent's College, Cape Girardeau, Mis- souri, and at the University of AVtirzburg, Bavaria, after which he was ordained priest at St. Louis, 18 June, 1870. He attended the Third Plenaiy (Council of Baltimore as theologian for Archbishop Kendrick, and wfus named by the fathers of that council as. the first Bishop of the Diocese of Belleville which it was propose<l to erect in Southern Illinois. The Sacred Congregation of Propaganda deferred action on the proposal of the Plenary Council, and in the meantime Father Bonacum was appointed to the Bishopric of Lincoln, Nehni^ka, by Apostolic letters under aate of 9 August, 1887.
StcUiHics: — ^Religious commuiiities in the diocese—
Men: Lazarists, Benedictines, Franciscans, Oblates of
Mary Immaculate. Women; Sisters of Charity, Ursu-
line Sisters, Sisters of Charity of the Blessed Virgin,
Sisters of St. Francis, Sisters of the Third Order of St.
Dominic, Sisters of St. Benedict, School Sisters of
Notre Dame, Sisters of Loretto, Sisters of St. Dominic,
Sisters of the Most Precious Blood, Bemardine Sisters,
Felician Sisters. Priests, 77 (regulars, 11); churches,
with resident priests, 64; missions with churches, 72;
stations, 34; chapels, 5; academies for girls, 5; pupils,
400; parish schools, 27; pupils, 2235; hospitals, 3; or-
phanage, 1. Catholic population, 37,200.
Catholic Dtr<c/orv (Milwaukee, 1888-1910); Church Progrtt*, and The Western Watchman (St. Louis), contemporary files: National Cyd. of Am. Biog. (New York, 1904).
Thomas F. Meeilax.
Ziincoln, Diocese of (Ancient. — Lincolniensis). This see was founded by St. Theodore, Archbishop of Canterbury, in 678, when he removed the Lindiswaras of Lincolnshire from the Diocese of Lindisfame. The original seat of the bishop was at Sidnacester, now Stow (eleven miles north-west of Lincoln), and for al- most two hundred years the episcopal succession was tJliere maintained, till in 870 the Northmen burnt the church of St. Afary at Stow, and for eiehty years there was no bishop. About the middle of the tenth cen- tury the See of Sidnacester was united to the Mercian See of Leicester, and the bishop's scat was fixed at Dorchester-on-Thames. But this was situate in the extreme comer of what was the laigest diocese in Eng- land, so that the first Norman bbhop, Reraigius of F^ camp, decided after the Council of 1072, which or- dered all bishops to fix their sees in walled towns, to build his cathedral at Lincoln, a city already ancient and populous. On the top of the steep hill the cathe- dral and Norman castle of Lincoln rose side by side. In 1075 Remigius signed himself "Episcopus Lincolni- ensis ", so that the transfer took place at once. The diocese then comprised no fewer tlian ten counties: Lincoln, Northampton, Rutland, Leicester, Cam- bridge, Huntingdon, Bedford, Buckine:ham, Oxford, and Hertford. A striking part of the Norman church still remains in the three deep arches of the west front of the cathedral. It was so solid an edifice that dur- ing the civil wars between Stephen and Matilda it was used as a fortress, but it was ultimately captured and plundered. In 1185 the cathedral suffered much damage in the great earthquake, and when in the fol- lowing year St. Hugh was made Bishop of Lincoln he found it necessary to commence buildinj^ again from the foundations. It was a momentous decision^ as it resulted in the first English Gothic building and mtro- duced the architecture of the pointed arch. The saint had completed the whole eastern portion of the church by the time of his death in 12(X). Of his work the transepts alone remain. The nave was built during the next half century, when the great scholar Robert Grosseteste was bishop. His pontificate was marked by many reforms in the monasteries of the diocese and in the cathedral itself. In 1255 St. Hugh's choir was pulled down to make way for the splendid "Angel Choir ", which was designeid to hold his shrine, and is one of the masterpieces of Gothic architecture. On 6 C)ct., 1280, the translation took place in the presence of King Edward I and nearly all the English hier- archy. During the fourteenth century the three tow- era were raised to their present height, and the cathe- dral attained its present form, one of the finest and most remarkable in England. At the Reformation the shrine of St. Hugh was destroyed (6 June, 1640).
In 1536 the Diocese of Lincoln was the scene of the "Pil^mage of Grace ". an armed protest against the religious changes which was followed by numerous executions. The reformer. Bishop Holbeach, plund- ered the cathedral during? the reign of Edward \ I, and the restored Catholic bishops under Mary had litUe
