J.VMD 433 LITHD
Umaelf leadjr to aaoemble a ootmcil of the Avisncm Land [Luhda; LoKDimtjy (Lomdinuu) Ooibobom
obfxlieaoe. Another usembl/ of the French t&Tgy (Scanobuu, Scakdinorttu w Danoruk)] Jn the LU
took plaoe at the end of 1406; they wished to revtJce of MalmSbua — knciant Catnolio diocese. The dty is
the pope's right to tax the French benefices. Though now the capital of the former Danish province Sluuuie
Benedict waa severely censured, he also found lealous (Scania), and is situated oa an elevated nooded site
partisans. But no palpable results were obtained. in a fertile country, about eight miles from the Sound
When Innocent VII died, 6 Nov., 1406, it was and twenty-four miles east of Copenhagen. It hoi
tL<^>ed, in case a new pope was not chosen at Rome, a university with a large Ubruy contaJiiing about
that Benedict would at last fulfil his promise of abdi- 200,000 volumes, and over 2,000 manuscripts, a high
_.; — i n the way for a new and unanimous school, and a school of languages, arts, and sciences.
election; but as t^ gave only evasive answers to such astronomical observatory, T)otanical gardens, histor-
suggestions, Gregory XII was chosen pope 30 Nov., ical museum, several hospitals, insane asylum, im-
atRome. The tatter wrote immediately to Benedict, portant industries, brewenee, and numerous factories
and amiounoed that he was ready to abdicate on lorthemanufactureof cloth, linen, leather, hardware,
condition that Benedict would do Kkewise, and that bricks, and tJles. ItisnowaProtestantsee. Itasuperb
afterwards the cardinals of Avignon would unite with Romanesque cathedral (its crypt dates from the elev-
" e of Rome for a unanimous papal election. Bene- enth or twelfth century) was restored in 1833--78. "*
diet replied 31 Jan., 1407, acceptm^ the proporition. the other numerous medieval churches (31 parish, 9
Further endeavours were now made, m oraer to induce monastic churches) there now remains only St. PetOT'a
planned at Savona between Benedict and Gregory, from the middle of the twelfth century.
But It never took place. Benedict, indeed, arrived at Saints' churchwaa built in 1888-1891. The city has touf Savona, 24 Sept., but Gregory did not appear. The large pubhc squares and many small irregular streets, positioa of the Avignon pope grew worse; on 23 Nov.. the names of which occasionally recall the Catholic 1407, his principal protector in France, Louis at past. Of especial interest are the cathedral square Orleans, the king's brother, was murdered. Thepc^ and the adjoining "Lundagaard", so called after ths no longer received any revenues from French bene- former royal castle which stood there, its ancient fiees, and when he wrote a threatening letter to King tower alone remaining. In the Middle Ages Lund Charles VI, the tatter tore it up. On 25 Hay, 1408,' was famous as the principal city of the norm (nwfro- the king declared that France was neutral towards potig Dania, caput ipnua re^t). Through the cen- both papal pretenders. Soon a number of cardinals tunes (1172, 1234, 12S3, 1287, IS78, 1711) the city belonging to both obediences met for the purpose at suffered much from Tire and the devastations of war; convening a universal coundl (see Pisa, Council or), the kings in their quarrels with the archbishop ex- Benedict XllI fled to Roussillon, and on his side called hibiting the temper of Vandals. In 1452 Lund was a councilatPerpignanwhichopened oa21 Nov., 1408. destroyed by the Swedish kin^, Charles Knutsaon, Both popes were deposed at the Council of Pisa. The and never recovered from this disaster. The city d»- delegation that Benedict sent thither arrived too late, clined steadily from the beginning of the Reformation In spite of this, the Avignon pope was still reconiiiod and had well ni^h lost all its importance when by the by Scotland, Aragon, Castile, and the Island of Sicily, Treaty of Roakilde (165S) Denmark was obliged to The territory ^ Avignon was seited in 1411 for the cede the Provinces of Sksane, Halland, and Blekinge Pisan pope (Alexander V). Since 1408 Benedict had to Sweden. Even the establishment (1066) and en- resided at Perpignan. Emperor Sigismundwent there, dowment of a university (1668) did not raise Lund to 19 Sept., 1415, from the Council of Constance, in order its former infiuentJaJ position. In the beginning tA to urge the abdication of Benedict, but without avail, the eight«enth century the population had decreased Later it was decided to hold a conference at Narboime to six hundred and eighty souls; thenceforth it grew in Dec., 1415, between the representatives of thoee slowly until towards the end of the century it num- countries who until then had acknowledged Bene- bcred three thousand souls. In the nineteenth oen- diet, for the purpose of withdrawing their obedience tury trade, commerce and industries jp^atty increased, on account of his obstinacy. Thereupon, Benedict and the population grew from 8,385 m 1858, to 19,464 retired to the castle of Pefiiscola (near Valencia, in in 1908, nearly alLLutherane.
Spain) which belonged to his family. An embassy to Hibtorx. — Lund brings us back to the heathen and
him from the Council of Constance failed to soften bis fabulous period of Scandinavia. Nothing autbentio
stubbornness, and he was deposed by the council 36 is known about the origin of the city but it is certain
July, 1417. He never submitted to the decision of the that as early as the ninth century Lund was a plaoe
council, but continued to consider himself the only of great commereial importance. The insignificant
legitimate pope, and compared Peiliscola to Noah s stream Hajeaa which now flows near Lund and emp-
Ark. Four cardinals who remained with him, later ties into the Lomma Ba^ in the south-west was for
acknowledged &Iartin V as rightful pope. B^edict one thousand years navigable by large vessels. The
maintained thaC in 1418 one S the tatter's ambassa- name Lund (a tunall wood or grove) is derived from ft
dors had tried to poison him. The date of Pedro de heathen sacrificial grove which lay to the east of the
Luna's death has never been ascertained. It is diffl- city, and where the deities of the North, Odin, Thar,
cult to decide between 29 Nov., 1422, and 33 Hay, Fnma, were honoured. Lund is first mentioned in
1423; the date generally given [1424] is incorrect, the Icelandic saga, which tells us that the city, eut-
His few adherents gave mm a sucoessor, MuSos, who rounded by a wooden rampart, was plundered and
e — ,; 'lued the schism, Pedro ae Luna wroto burnt in 940 by the Vikings. "The converaion of the
n law ("Dec<xiciIio gene- North to Christianity was Degun a century earlier by
rB!i";"Denovoschismate")editedonlyinpart(Ehrle Archbishop Ebbo of Reims and St. Anschar, Arch-
in "Archiv fUr Literatur- und Kirchengescfaiohte dea bishop of Hamburg-Bremen, his successor in this
Mittela Iters ", VII, 515 sqq.). apostolic work; both worked here personally and also
Baloie. Vila papamn Afmianrnriam (Pfttia, Ifl03); de sent missionaries. But the results were neither nota-
4^f'^'v*""f",i>'^'^"""",JC?!'^" ".'"■ ^"^' ble nor lasting, at least in Sweden. Heathenism was
aSiS^'ii ?j:i^^im]]i^r3-/LuJS'J"^ •>"» ^^y uprooted, and in many places was strong
KinkmauAitlilt da MiUtlaUirrt. V, 387-402). Idiu. Neue enough to prevent the bmlding of churches and the
Mattrialin lurpacAiMtP^, T*/"?" ^itr"*,"*^'*^ ■ foundation ot sees. The missionaries succeeded only
F™' « rf ii7rV!^ilS^-!l!^%7MXrtitoi'^^l: m^}SiM '^. •I"*'*"', where they eatabUshed the sees of Sohle*.
■ee bibliugrsptiy. Constahce, Couhcil or. ' wig, Ribe, and Aarhus (946) as suffragans of I ^g--
J. P. KnwcH. bwg-Brenwa. Ibwa&w^i >xg>&^~'£C:£|^%^«>^>^^'**^
IX.— 28
