LYONS
proBperoua that in the t«nth century „ .
went thither to atudy. Under Charlemsigne and his immediate successois, the Bishops of Lyons, whose ascendancy was attested bv the number of councils over which they were called to preside, played an im- portant theological part. Adoptionism had no more active enemies than Leidrade (7QS-S14) and Ago- bard (814-840). When Feliit of Urge! continued re- bellious to the condemnations pronounced against Adoptionism from 791-799 by the Councils of Ciutad, Friuli, Ratisbon, Frankfort, and Rome, Charlems^e conceived the idea of sending to Urgcl with Nebridius, Bishop of Narbonne, and St. Benedict, abbot of the monastery of Aniane, Archbishop Leidrade, a native of Nuremberg and Charlemagne's libiarian. They preached against Adoptionism in Spain, conducted Felix in 799 to the Council of Aachen, where he seemed to submit to the arguments of Alcujn, and then brought him back to his diocese. But the submissjon of F^x was not complete; Agobard, "Chorepiscopus" of Lyons, convicted him anew of Adoptionism in a secret confer- ence, and when Felix died in 815 there was found among his papers a treatise in which he professed Adoptionism. Then Agobard, who had became Arch' bishop of Lyons in 814 after Leidrade'a retirement to the monastery of St. M^dard of Soissons, composed a long treatise which completed the ruin of that hereey. J^^bard displayed great activity as a pastor and a publicist in his opposition to the Jews and to various superstitions. llis rooted hatred for all superstition led him in his treatise on images into certain expres- sions which savoured of Iconoclosm. The five his- torical treatises which he wrot« in 833 to justify the deposition of Louis the Pious, who had been his bene- factor, are a stain on his life. Louis the Pious having bwn re.otored to power, caused Agobard to be deposed in 835 by the Covineii of Thionvillo, but three years Inter gave him back his sec, in which he died in 840. During the exile of Agobard the See of Lyons had berai for a short time administered by Amalarius of Meti, whom Ihp deacon Florua charged with heretical opin- ions regarding the " triforme corpus Chri.itti ", and who took part in the contro\'ersiea with Gottschalk on the Hubject of predestination. Amolon (841-852) and St. Bemy (852-75) continued the struggle against the hereey of Gottschalk. St. Remy presided over the Council of Valence, which condemned this heresy, and also was engaged in strife with Hincm&r, From 879-1032 Lyons formed part of the Kingdom of Provence and aftcrwanlsofthesecond Kingdom of Burgundy. When
Lyons situated on the left bank of the Safins became,
at least nominally, an imperial city, FinaJly Arch-
bishop Burchani, brother of Rudolph, claimed rights
of sovereignty over Lyons aa inherited from his
mother, Mathilde of France; in this way the govern-
ment of Lyons instead of being exercised by the dis-
tant emperor, became a matter of dispute between the
counts who claimed the inheritance and the successive
archbishops.
Lyons attracted the att«ntion of Cardinal Hilde- brand, who held a council there in 1055 aeainst the simoniacal bishops. In 1076, as Gregory VlL ho de- posed Archbishop Humbert (1063-78) for simony. Saint Gebuin (Jubinus), who succeeded numbert was the confidant of Gregory VII and contributed to the reform of the Church by the two councils of 1080 and 1082. at which were excommunicated Manasaea of Reims, Fulk of Anjou, and the monks of Marmoutiers. !! under the epiHCopat« of Saint Gebuin that
Tours, and Sens, which primacy was specially
firmed by Callistua II, despite the letter written to him
in irJ6 bv I.,ouls VI in favour of the church of Sens,
Aa far as it regarded the Province of Rtraen tUs letter
3: LTOHa
was later suppresaed by a decree of the king's council in 1703, at the request of Colbert, Arclibishop of Rouen. Hugh (1081-1100), the successor of St. Ge- buin, the friend of St. Anselm, and for a while legate of Gregory VII in France and Burgundy, hod diflerences lat«ronwithVictorIli, who excommunicated him for a time, also with Paschal II, The latter pope carae to Lyons in 1106, consecrated the basilica oF Ainay, and dedicated one of its altars in honour of the Immacu- late Conception. The Feast of the Immaculate Con- ception was solemnized at Lyons about 1 128, perhaps at the instance of St. Anselm of Canterbury, and St. Bernard wrote to the canons of Lyons to complain that they should have instituted a feast without eon-
Tn Cathidbai, or Baint^i
suiting the pope. As soon as Thomas d Becket, Arch-
bishop of Canterbury, had been proclaimed Blessed
(1 173), his cult was instituted at Lyons. Lyonsof the
twelfth century thus haw a glorious place in the history
of Catholic liturgy and even of dogma, but the twelfth
century was also marked by the hereay of Peter Waldo
and the Waldenaea, the Poor Men of Lyons, who were
opposed by Jean de Bell^me (U81-1193), and by an
important change in the political situation of Vbe
archbishops.
In 1157 Frederick Barbaroasa confirmed the sov- ereignty of the Archbishopsof Lyons; thenceforth there was a lively contest between them and the counts. An arbitration effected by the pope in 1107 had 110 result, but by the treaty of 1173 Guy. Count of Forez, ceded to the canons of the primatial church of St. John his title of count of Lyons and his temporal autliority. Then came the erowth of the Commune, more iiclated in Lyons than m many other cities, but in 1193 the archbishop bod to make some con ceiusion to the citizens. The thirteenth century, was a period of conflict. Three times, in 1207. 1369, and 1290, grave troubles brokeout between the partisans of the archbishop who dwelt in the chateau of Pierre Seiic, tho.sc of the count-canons, who lived in a separate quarter near the cathednl, and those of the townstollc. Gregory X attempted, but without success, t« restore peace bv two Acts, 2 April, 1273, aud 11 Nov., 127-1. Ttekswe-'^-'^'^'**'
