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all normally anticipated flight and ground conditions.
(c) It shall not be carried aft of or directly above seated passengers.
(d) It shall not impose any loads on seats or on the floor structure which exceed the designed loads to: those components.
(e) It shall not be placed in any position which restricts the access to or use of any required emergency or regular exit or the use of the aisle between the crew and the passenger compartments
INSTRUMENTS AND EQUIPMENT FOR ALL OPERATIONS
§40.170 Aircraft instruments and equipment for all operations (a) Instruments and equipment required by §§40.171 through 40232 shall be approved and shall be installed in accordance with the provisions of the airworthiness requirements applicable to the instruments or equipment concerned.
(b) The following instruments and equipment shall be in operable condition prior to take-off, except as provided in §40.391 (b) for continuance of flight with equipment inoperative:
(1) Instruments and equipment required to comply with airworthiness requirements under which the airplane is type certificated and as required by the provisions of §4.0110 and §§40.150 through 40.153.
(2) Instruments and equipment specified in §40.171 through 40.178 for all operations, and the instruments and equipment specified in §§ 40.200 through 40.232 for the type of operation indicated, wherever these items are not already provided in accordance with subparagraph III of this paragraph.
§ 40.171 Fight and navigational equipment for all operations. The following flight and navigational instruments and equipment are required for all operations:
(a) An air-speed indicating system with heated pivot tube or equivalent means for preventing malfunction due to icing.
(b) Sensitive altimeter.
(c) Clock (sweep-second).
(d) Free-air temperature indicator.
(e) Gyroscopic bank and pitch indicator artificial horizon).
(f) Gyroscopic rate-of-turn indicator combined with a slip-skid indicator (turn and bank indicator).
(g) Gyroscopic direction indicator.
(h) Magnetic compass.
(i) Vertical speed indicator (rate—of-climb indicator).
§ 40.172 Engine instruments for all operations. The following engine instruments are required for all operations:
(a) Carburetor air temperature indicator for each engine.
(b) Cylinder head temperature indicator for each air-cooled engine.
(c) Fuel pressure indicator for each engine.
(d) Fuel flowmeter or fuel mixture indicator for each engine not equipped with an automatic altitude mixture control.
(e) Means for indicating fuel quantity in each fuel tank.
(f) Manifold pressure indicator for each engine.
(g) Oil pressure indicator for each engine.
(h) Oil quantity indicator for each oil tank when a transfer or separate oil reserve supply is used.
(i) Oil-in temperature indicator for each engine.
(j) Tachometer for each engine.
(k) On and after December 31, 1953, an independent fuel pressure warning device for each engine or a master warning device for all engines with means for isolating the individual warning circuits from the master warning device.
§ 40.173 Emergency equipment for all operations. (a) The emergency equipment specified in paragraphs (b) (c), and (d) of this section is required for all Operations. Such equipment shall be readily accessible to the crew, and the method of operation shall be plainly indicated. When such equipment is carried in compartments or containers, the compartments or containers shall be so marked as to be readily identifiable.
(b) Hand fire extinguishers for crew, passenger and cargo compartments: Hand fire extinguishers of an approved type shall be provided for use in crew, passenger, and cargo compartments in accordance with the following requirements:
(1) The type and quantity of extinguishing agent shall be suitable for the type of fires likely to occur in the compartment where the extinguisher is intended to be used.
(2) At least one hand fire extinguisher shall be provided and conveniently located on the flight deck for use by the flight crew.
(3) At least one hand fire extinguisher shall be conveniently located in the passenger compartment of airplanes accommodating more than six but less than 31 passengers. On airplanes accommodating more than 30 passengers, at least two fire extinguishers shall be provided. None need be provided in passenger compartments of airplanes accommodating six or less persons.
(c) First-aid equipment: First-aid equipment suitable for treatment of injuries likely to occur in flight or in minor accidents shall be provided in a quantity appropriate to the number of passengers and crew accommodated in the airplane.
(d) Crash ax: All airplanes shall be complied with at least one crash ax, and if accommodations are provided for more than 30 persons including the crew airplanes shall be equipped with at least two crash axes. This equipment shall be stowed in readily accessible locations.
§ 40.174 Seats and safety belts for all occupants. A seat and an individual safety belt are required for each passenger and crew member, excluding infants. who are in other than a recumbent position during take-oil and landing. One safety belt only is required in a berth for one or two persons in a recumbent position during take-off and landing. During flight between take-off and landing, one safety belt is sufficient for two persons occupying a multiple lounge or divan seat,
§ 40.175 Miscellaneous equipment for all operations. All airplanes shall have installed the following equipment:
(a) If protective fuses are used, spare fuses of a number approved for the particular airplane and appropriately described in the air carrier manual.
(b) Windshield wiper or equivalent for each pilot.
(c) A power supply and distribution system capable of producing and distributing the load for all required instruments and equipment using an external power supply in the event of failure of any one power source or component of the power distribution system: Provided. That the Administrator may authorize the use of common elements in the power distribution system when he finds that such elements are so designed as to be reasonably protected against malfunction. Engine-driven sources of energy, when used, shall be on separate engines.
(d) Means for indicating the adequacy of the power being supplied to required flight instruments.
(e) Two independent static pressure systems, so vented to the outside atmospheric pressure that they will be least affected by air flow variation, moisture, or other foreign matter, and so installed as to be airtight except for the vent. When a means is provided for transferring an instrument from its primary operating system to an alternate system, such means shall include a positive positioning control and shall be marked to indicate clearly which system is being used.
(f) Means for locking all companionway doors which separate passenger compartments from flight crew compartments. Keys for all doors which separate passenger compartments from other compartments having emergency exit provisions shall be readily available to all crew members. Any door which is the means of access to a required passenger emergency exit shall be placarded to indicate that it must be open during take-off and landing. All doors which lead to compartments normally accessible to passengers and which are capable of being locked by passengers shall be provided with means for unlocking by the crew in the event of an emergency.
(g) For seaplanes only. anchor light, or lights, a warning bell for signaling when not under way during fog conditions, and an anchor adequate for the size of the seaplane.
§ 40.176 Cockpit check procedure for all operations. The air carrier shall provide for each type of airplane a cockpit check procedure adapted to each operation in which the airplane is to be utilized. This procedure shall include all items necessary for flight crew members to check for safety prior to starting engines, prior to taking off, prior to landing, and in engine emergencies. It shall be so designed as to obviate the necessity for a flight crew member to rely upon his memory for items to be checked
