Page:Collier's Cyclopedia of Commercial and Social Information.djvu/27

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GRAMMAR
15

Present Indef. Tense. Past Indef. Tense. Perfect Participle.
Find (fand, fond) found found
Grind ground ground
Wind wound(wond),Winded wound

3d Class. Vowel o, becoming e in past tense.

Draw drew drawn
Fall fell fallen
saw sawed sawn, sawed
Wash (wesh) washed washen, washed
Blow blew blown
Crow erew, crowed crowed
Fly flew flown
Grow grew grown
Hew hewed hewn, hewed
Hold held holden, held
Know knew known
Mow (mew) mowed mown, mowed
Show (shew) showed shown, showed
Snow (snew) snowed snowed
Sow (sew) sowed sown, sowed
Strow, strew (straw) strewed, strowed strewn, strown, strewed
Throw threw thrown
Let (late) let let
Slay slew slain
(loghe, leugh) laughed laughed

4th Class. Vowel o, shortened.

Choose chose (chase) chosen
Go gone
Lose lost (lorn) lost
Shoot shot shotten, shot
Do did done

5th Class.

Come came come

Note, that the participle "sawn" seems to have been formed analogically after "drawn;" also, that the word did is a contracted form; and the vowel i does not represent the o of the present, but is the short vowel sound of a reduplication of the d. It is the only instance in our language.

22. Second Division. Verbs which change their vowel sound, but form their perfect participles in d or t; and are therefore weak verbs.

1st Class. Vowels shortened.

Bleed bled bled
Breed bred bred
Feed fed fed
Meet met met
Read read read
Speed sped sped
Bereave, reave bereft, bereaved bereft, bereaved
(clepe) y-clept
Deal dealt dealt
Deem (dempt) deemed deemed
dream dreamt, dreamed dreamt, dreamed
Feel felt felt
Flee fled fled
Hear heard heard
Keep kept kept
Kneel knelt, kneeled knelt, kneeled
Lean leant, leaned leant, leaned
Mean meant meant
Sleep slept slept
Sweep swept swept
Show shod shod

2d Class. Vowels a, e, i, and o, changed into o, au, ou.

Sell sold sold
Tell told told
Catch caught, catched caught, catched
Reach (raught) reached (raught) reached
Stretch (straught, streight)
stretched
stretched
Teach taught taught
Distract distracted (distraught) distracted
Freight freighted fraught, freighted
Shall should
Will would (woll)
May (mought) might
Beseech besought besought
Bring brought brought
Buy bought bought
Own ought, owed owed
Seek sought sought
Think thought thought
Work wrought, worked wrought, worked

Note, that the y in "y-clept" is the old participial prefix, of which only one other instance remains in occasional use in our language, "y-clad."

Note, also, that both "distraught" and "fraught" are formed from words derived from other languages.

23. Third Division. Contracted Weak Verbs.

Have had had
Make made made
Lay laid laid
Pay paid paid
Say said said
Dwell dwelt, dwelled dwelt, dwelled
Pen penned pent, penned
Spill spilt, spilled spilt, spilled
(Wis) (wist)
Bend bent, bended bent, bended
Build built, builded built, builded
Gild gilt, gilded gilt, gilded
Gird girt, girded girt, girded
Lend lent lent
Rend rent rent
Send sent sent
Shend shent shent
Spend spent spent
(Wend) went
Cast cast cast
Cost cost cost
Cut cut cut
Hit hit hit
Hurt hurt hurt
Knit knit, knitted knit, knitted
Lift lift, lifted lift, lifted
Put put put
Quit quit, quitted quit, quitted
Rid rid rid
Roast roasted roast, roasted
Set set set
Shed shed shed
Shred shred shred
Shut shut shut
Split split, splitted split, splitted
Spread spread spread
Thrust thrust thrust
Wet wet, wetted wet, wetted