Present Indef. Tense. | Past Indef. Tense. | Perfect Participle. |
Find | (fand, fond) found | found |
Grind | ground | ground |
Wind | wound(wond),Winded | wound |
3d Class. Vowel o, becoming e in past tense.
Draw | drew | drawn |
Fall | fell | fallen |
saw | sawed | sawn, sawed |
Wash | (wesh) washed | washen, washed |
Blow | blew | blown |
Crow | erew, crowed | crowed |
Fly | flew | flown |
Grow | grew | grown |
Hew | hewed | hewn, hewed |
Hold | held | holden, held |
Know | knew | known |
Mow | (mew) mowed | mown, mowed |
Show | (shew) showed | shown, showed |
Snow | (snew) snowed | snowed |
Sow | (sew) sowed | sown, sowed |
Strow, strew (straw) | strewed, strowed | strewn, strown, strewed |
Throw | threw | thrown |
Let (late) | let | let |
Slay | slew | slain |
(loghe, leugh) laughed | laughed |
4th Class. Vowel o, shortened.
Choose | chose (chase) | chosen |
Go | gone | |
Lose | lost | (lorn) lost |
Shoot | shot | shotten, shot |
Do | did | done |
5th Class.
Come | came | come |
Note, that the participle "sawn" seems to have been formed analogically after "drawn;" also, that the word did is a contracted form; and the vowel i does not represent the o of the present, but is the short vowel sound of a reduplication of the d. It is the only instance in our language.
22. Second Division. Verbs which change their vowel sound, but form their perfect participles in d or t; and are therefore weak verbs.
1st Class. Vowels shortened.
Bleed | bled | bled |
Breed | bred | bred |
Feed | fed | fed |
Meet | met | met |
Read | read | read |
Speed | sped | sped |
Bereave, reave | bereft, bereaved | bereft, bereaved |
(clepe) | y-clept | |
Deal | dealt | dealt |
Deem | (dempt) deemed | deemed |
dream | dreamt, dreamed | dreamt, dreamed |
Feel | felt | felt |
Flee | fled | fled |
Hear | heard | heard |
Keep | kept | kept |
Kneel | knelt, kneeled | knelt, kneeled |
Lean | leant, leaned | leant, leaned |
Mean | meant | meant |
Sleep | slept | slept |
Sweep | swept | swept |
Show | shod | shod |
2d Class. Vowels a, e, i, and o, changed into o, au, ou.
Sell | sold | sold |
Tell | told | told |
Catch | caught, catched | caught, catched |
Reach | (raught) reached | (raught) reached |
Stretch | (straught, streight) stretched |
stretched |
Teach | taught | taught |
Distract | distracted | (distraught) distracted |
Freight | freighted | fraught, freighted |
Shall | should | |
Will | would (woll) | |
May | (mought) might | |
Beseech | besought | besought |
Bring | brought | brought |
Buy | bought | bought |
Own | ought, owed | owed |
Seek | sought | sought |
Think | thought | thought |
Work | wrought, worked | wrought, worked |
Note, that the y in "y-clept" is the old participial prefix, of which only one other instance remains in occasional use in our language, "y-clad."
Note, also, that both "distraught" and "fraught" are formed from words derived from other languages.
23. Third Division. Contracted Weak Verbs.
Have | had | had |
Make | made | made |
Lay | laid | laid |
Pay | paid | paid |
Say | said | said |
Dwell | dwelt, dwelled | dwelt, dwelled |
Pen | penned | pent, penned |
Spill | spilt, spilled | spilt, spilled |
(Wis) | (wist) | |
Bend | bent, bended | bent, bended |
Build | built, builded | built, builded |
Gild | gilt, gilded | gilt, gilded |
Gird | girt, girded | girt, girded |
Lend | lent | lent |
Rend | rent | rent |
Send | sent | sent |
Shend | shent | shent |
Spend | spent | spent |
(Wend) | went | |
Cast | cast | cast |
Cost | cost | cost |
Cut | cut | cut |
Hit | hit | hit |
Hurt | hurt | hurt |
Knit | knit, knitted | knit, knitted |
Lift | lift, lifted | lift, lifted |
Put | put | put |
Quit | quit, quitted | quit, quitted |
Rid | rid | rid |
Roast | roasted | roast, roasted |
Set | set | set |
Shed | shed | shed |
Shred | shred | shred |
Shut | shut | shut |
Split | split, splitted | split, splitted |
Spread | spread | spread |
Thrust | thrust | thrust |
Wet | wet, wetted | wet, wetted |