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ANGEL FISH 173 ANGELO He was finally released on condition that he remain in France. When Huerta had ceased to rule, Angeles returned to Mex- ico and joined the armies of Carranza and Villa, When a division arose be- tween these two he remained with Villa, becoming chief of staff. He was one of the most successful officers operating under Villa, and was notable for his re- gard for the laws of war. He was cap- tured by Carranza forces during hostili- ties between Villa and Carranza, in a cave at San Tome where, with four com- panions, he had taken refuge. After court-martial, he was sentenced to death, in spite of pleas for clemency. See Mexico. ANGEL FISH, a fish of the squalidss, or shark family, which derived its name from the fact that its extended pectoral fins present the appearance of wings. It is called also monk-fish, fiddle-fish, shark-ray, and kingston. It is found on the coasts of Europe and North America. ANGELICA, a genus of plants of the natural order umhelliferx, by some bot- anists divided into two, angelica and archangelica. The species are mostly herbaceous and perennial, natives of the temperate and colder regions of the northern hemisphere. Wild angelica {A. sylvestris) is a common plant in moist meadows, by the sides of brooks, and in woods in Britain and throughout many parts of Europe and Asia. The garden angelica {archangelica or arch' angelica officinalis) is a biennial plant, becoming perennial when not allowed to ripen its seeds. The whole plant, and especially the root, is aromatic and bit- ter, with a pleasant, somewhat musky color, and contains much resin and es- sential oil. The garden angelica was at one time also much cultivated for the blanched stalks, which were used as celery now is. The tender stalks and midribs of the leaves, candied, are still, however, a well-known article of con- fectionery, and an agreeable stomachic; the roots and seeds are employed in the preparation of gin and of bitters. The roots are occasionally ground and made into bread in Norway, and the Icelanders eat the stem and roots raw, with butter. Several species of angelica are natives of North America. ANGELICO, FRA, the commonest des- ignation of the great friar-painter. Bom in 1387 at Vicchio, in the Tuscan prov- ince of Mugello, in 1407 he entered the Dominican monastery at Fiesole, in 1436 he was tranferred to Florence, and in 1445 was summoned by the Pope to Rome, where he chiefly resided till his death in 1455. His frescoes are all in Italy — at Cortona, at Fiesole, in the Florentine convent of San Marco, at Orvieto, and in the Vatican chapel of Nicholas V. Of his easel pictures, the Louvre possesses a splendid example, "The Coronation of the Virgin," and the London National Gallery (since 1860) a "Glory," or Christ with 265 saints. ANGELL, GEORGE THORNDIKE, an American reformer, born in 1832. He was graduated at Dartmouth, 1846, and admitted to the bar, 1851. He has been active in promoting measures for the prevention of crime, cruelties, and the adulteration of food. He founded and was President of the American Humane Educational Society. He died in 1909. ANGELL, JAMES BURRILL, an American educator and diplomatist, born in Scituate, R. I., Jan. 7, 1829; was graduated from Brown University in 1850. He assumed the presidency of the University of Vermont in 1866, and that of the University of Michigan in 1871. He was Minister to China, 1880-1881, and to Turkey, 1897-1898. In 1900 he resumed the presidency of the Univer- sity of Michigan. He died in 1916. ANGELL, JAMES ROWLAND, an American psychologist, bom in Burling- ton, Vt., in 1858, the son of James Bur- rill Angell {q. v.). After graduating from the University of Michigan in 1890, he took post-graduate courses at Har- vard and in several German univer- sities, was instructor of philosophy at the University of Minnesota in 1893, and in the following year was appointed assist- ant professor of psychology and director of the psychological laboratory at the University of Chicago. He became suc- cessively associate professor, professor, and head of the department, and dean of the University faculties, the latter in 1911. A member of many philosophical and psychological societies, he was president of the American Psychological Association in 1906. In 1914 he was exo change professor at the Sorbonne, Paris. ANGELL, NORMAN. See LaNE, Ralph Norman Angell. ANGELO (MICHAEL ANGELO BUONARROTI), the most distinguished sculptor, painter, and architect of his time and of the modern world, was born on March 6, 1475. His father, Ludovico di Leonardo Buonarroti Simoni, was a poor gentleman of Florence. When the sculptor was bom, his father was podesta, or mayor, of Caprese and Chi- usi, in Tuscany. He returned to Flor- ence when his term of office expired, and the child was intrusted to a stonemason's wife at Settignano. The boy's enthu-