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ABCHBALD 230 ABCHER FISH June, 1919. For an account of the mili- tary operations in and around Archangel, see Russia. ARCHBALD, a borough in Pennsyl- vania, in Lackawanna co., on the Dela- ware and Hudson and on the New York, Ontario, and Western railroads. It is about 10 miles N. E. of Scranton, in the midst of a coal-mining region and there are other industries, including silk mills. Pop. (1910) 7,194; (1920) 8,603. ARCHBISHOP, a chief bishop. The first-formed Christian churches soon be- came surrounded by younger and less powerful congregations. The pastors of these new churches being called bishops, that term no longer appeared a dignified enough appellation for the spiritual chief of the mother church, and about A. D. 340, the Greek title of archiepiscopos was introduced to meet the difficulty, and in subsequent centuries the designation be- came common over Christendom. In England the early British churches were, in large measure, swept away by the Anglo-Saxon invaders, who were heathens, and the country consequently required to be reconverted. The great southern center from which this was done was Canterbury, then the capital of Kent, where King Egbert gave Augustine, the chief missionary, a settlement. In the N., York, the chief town of North- umbria, where King Edwin built a shrine for Paulinus, became the great focus of operation for that part of England ; hence the two archbishoprics now existing are those of Canterbury and of York. The prelate who occupies the former see is Primate of all England, while his brother of York, is only Primate of England. The former is the first in dignity after the princes of the blood; the latter is not second, but third, the Lord Chancellor taking precedence of him in official rank. An archbishop is often called a metro- politan. In the United States the Roman Catholic Church is the only one which has dignitaries of this rank. ARCHBOLD, JOHN DUSTIN, an American capitalist, born in Leesburg, O., in 1848. His boyhood and youth was spent in mercantile employment. He removed with his family to Titusville, Pa., where he became identified with an oil company which largely through his efforts became one of the chief rivals of the South Improvement Company, which later developed into the Standard Oil Company. John D. Rockefeller, be- coming impressed with Archbold's abil- ity, secured his services. From that time until his death he was active in the Standard Oil Co., rising to be its head. He was one of the trustees of Syracuse University and gave large sums to that institution during his life. At his death he bequeathed to it $500,000. He died December 16, 1916, leaving a fortune of over $25,000,000. ARCHDEACON, an ecclesiastical dig- nitary next in rank below a bishop, who has jurisdiction either over a part of or over the whole diocese. He is usually appointed by the bishop, under whom he performs various duties and he holds a court which decides cases subject to an appeal to the bishop. ARCHDUKE, a duke whose authority and power is superior to that of other dukes. In France, in the reign of Dagobert, there was an Archduke of Austrasia; and at a later period, the provinces of Brabant and Lorraine were termed arch- duchies. The Dukes of Austria assumed the title of archduke in 1156; but the dignity was not confirmed till 1453. The last to assume the title were the princes of the former imperial House of Austria. ARCHELAUS (ar-kel'a-us), a king of Macedon, natural son and successor of Perdiccas II. He was a liberal patron of literature and the arts, and greatly favored, among others, Euripides and Zeuxis. He died about 398 B. C. ARCHELAUS, son of Herod the Great. His reign is described as most tyrannical and bloody. The people at length accused him before Augustus. The Emperor banished him to Vienne, in Gaul. To avoid the fury of this monster, 7 A. D., Joseph and Mary retired to Naza- reth. ARCHELAUS, the son of ApoUonius, a sculptor. He was a native of Ionia. He executed in marble the apotheosis of Homer, which was found, in 1568, at a place called Fratocchia, belonging to the House of Colonna. ARCHER, WILLIAM, a Scottish critic, born at Perth, Sept. 23, 1856. He graduated at Edinburgh University, 1876, and was called to the bar, 1883. He was for a long time dramatic critic for vari- ous London papers, and published books on the drama, including "English Dram- atists of To-day" (1882) ; "Masks or Faces : a Study in the Psychology of Act- ing" (1888) ; "Henry Irving," a critical study (1883) ; "William Charles Ma- cready. a Biography" (1890) ; "Through Afro- America" (1910) ; "Play Making" (1912); "The Correct Analysis (1913); etc. He was the English translator of Ibsen's dramas. ARCHER FISH, the toxotes aculator, which shoots water at its prey. It is found in the East Indian and Polynesian Seas.