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ARNOLD OF WINKELRIED 270 AROMATIC Clairvaux, he was charged with heresy, and excommunicated by Pope Innocent II. At this juncture, serious popular tumults occurred at Rome, and Arnold, hastening thither, was received with great cordiality, and soon vested with supreme power. In 1155, however, Adrian IV. interdicted and expelled him from the city. For a time he lived in Campagna, but was seized, and taken back to Rome, where he was executed, and his ashes were thrown into the Tiber. His followers were called Arnold- ists, and held the same opinions as the Waldenses. ARNOLD OF WINKELRIED, a Swiss hero, who, at the battle of Sempach, in 1386, sacrificed himself to insure victory to his countrymen. The Austrian knights, dismounted, had formed them- selves into a phalanx, which the Swiss vainly strove to pierce; when Arnold, rushing on the spear points of the en- emy, and burying several in his breast, thus opened a gap in the fence of steel. The Swiss rushed in through the open- ing, and routed the Austrians vnth great slaughter. ARNOLD, RALPH, a geologist and engineer, born in Marshalltown, la., in 1875. He was educated at the Throop Polytechnic Institute and the Leland Stanford, Jr., University. Graduating from the latter in 1889, he was assistant in geology at that institution until 1903. After serving in various capacities he became, in 1908, geologist of the United States Geological Survey. From 1911 he was consulting petroleum engineer of the United States Bureau of Mines and en- gaged also in private practice. He took charge of many investigations in petro- leum fields in the United States and foreign countries, was special lecturer on petroleum at the University of Chi- cago and other universities and colleges, a member of many scientific societies, and contributed many papers on geologi- cal subjects to the United States Geo- logical reports and professional periodi- cals. ARNOLD, THOMAS, an English clergyman and historian, bom in Cowes, Isle of Wight, June 13, 1795. He en- tered Oxford University in 1811, and was elected a fellow of Oriel College in 1815. In 1828, Arnold was elected to the head-mastership of Rugby School, which office he held until his death, and raised it, by the enlightened system of education he inaugurated, to the highest rank among the great public schools of England. In politics he was an ad- vanced Liberal, so much so, indeed, that he was at one time denounced by some of the clergy for what they termed the Jacobinism of his views. In 1841 he waa appointed Regius Professor of Modem History at Oxford, and died June 12j 1842. As a writer, Arnold's works con«  sisted mainly of a "History of Rome,"^ completed to the end of the Punic War; a "Commentary on the New Testament,* and a "Treatise on Church and State." His life has been written by Dean Stan- ley, one of his old pupils. ARNOLFO DI CAMBIO (ar-nol'fo), or DI LAPO, an Italian architect and sculptor, born in Florence, in 1232. The most celebrated of his architectural works are the churches of Santa Croce, the Cathedral, and Or San Michele, at Florence, in which the gradual transition from the Gothic severity to the Italian elegance is markedly represented. This structure was completed, after the death of Arnolfo, by Brunelleschi, between 1420 and 1444. He died in 1300. ARNON, a river in Palestine, the bound- ary between the country of the Moa- bites and that of the Amorites, latterly of the Israelites, a tributary of the Dead Sea. ARNOTTO. (1) The waxy-looking pulp which envelops the seeds in the arnotto tree. This is detached by throwing the seed into water, after which it is dried partially, and made up first into soft pellets, rolled in leaves, in which state it is called flag, or roll arnotto. After- ward, becoming quite dry, it is formed into cakes, and becomes cake arnotto. The South American Indians color their bodies red with it; farmers here and elsewhere use it to stain cheese; in Hol- land, the Dutch employ it to color but- ter; the Spaniards put it in their choco- late and soups; dyers use it to produce a reddish color, and varnish makers, to impart an orange tint to some varnishes. As a medicine, it is slightly purgative and stomachic. This substance is very frequently adulterated. (2) In botany, the arnotto tree, the hixa orellana of Linnaeus, has a five- dentate calyx, 10 petals, many hypogy- nous stamina, and a two-valved hispid capsule. It is from 20 to 30 feet in height, and grows in tropical America. It is the type of the old order bixacess, now more generally called fiacourtiacese. ARNTJLF, a great-grandson of Charle- magne, elected King of Germany in A. D. 887; invaded Italy, captured Rome, and was crowned Emperor by the Pope (896) ; died A. D. 899. AROMATIC. (1) In chemistry, acids whose radical has the form C^B.^^ — sOa, as the benzoic, the toluic, and the cun>-