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BADEN 381 BADENWEILER BADEN (bad'en), one of the more important states of Germany, situated in the S. W. of Germany, to the W. of Wiirttemberg. It is divided into four districts, Constance, Freiburg, Karlsruhe, and Mannheim; has an area of 5,823 square miles> and pop. about 2,200,000. Topography. — It is mountainous, being traversed to a considerable extent by the lofty plateau of the Schwarzwald, or Black Forest, which attains its highest point in the Feldberg (4,904 feet). The whole of Baden, except a small portion in the S. E., in which the Danube takes its rise, belongs to the basin of the Rhine, which bounds it on the S. and W. Numer- ous tributaries of the Rhine intersect it, the chief being the Neckar. Lakes are numerous, and include a considerable part of the Lake of Constance. The principal minerals worked are coal, salt, iron, zinc, and nickel. The number of mineral springs is remarkably great, and of these not a few are of great celebrity. The vegetation is peculiarly rich, and there are magnificent forests. The cereals Comprise wheat, oats, barley, and rye. Potatoes, hemp, tobacco, wine, and sugar beet are largely produced. Several of the wines, both white and red, rank in the first class. Baden has long been famous for its fruits, also. The manu- factures are important. Among them are textiles, tobacco and cigars, chemicals, machinery, pottery ware, jewelry (espe- cially at Pforzheim) , wooden clocks, con- fined chiefly to the districts of the Black Forest, musical boxes and other musical toys. The capital is Karlsruhe, about 5 miles from the Rhine; the other chief towns are Mannheim, Freiburg-im-Breis- gau, with a Roman Catholic university; Pforzheim, Constanz, Baden-Baden, and Heidelberg. Baden-Baden has warm mineral springs, which were known and used in the time of the Romans. Heidel- berg has a university (Protestant), founded in 1386. There are about 1,500 miles of railways, mostly owned by the state. Histoi-y. — In the time of the Roman Empire, southern Baden belonged to the Roman province of Rhaetia. Under the old German empire it was a margravate, which in 1533 was divided into Baden- Baden and Baden-Durlach, but reunited in 1771. The title of Grand-Duke was conferred by Napoleon in 1806, and in the same year Baden was extended to its present limits. The executive power was vested in the Grand-Duke, the legislative in a House of Legislature, consisting of an Upper and a Lower Chamber. In November, 1918, a resolution forced the ?ibdication of the Grand-Duke Frederick II. who had succeeded to the throne in 1907. Baden was declared a republic Nov. 13, 1918, and in January, 1919, the National Assembly adopted a new con- stitution. BADEN-BADEN, a town in the re- public of Baden. Pop. about 25,000. It is chiefly celebrated for its medicinal springs, which were known in the time of the Romans. Its gaming tables, the most renowned in Europe, were closed with the rest of the licensed German gaming houses in 1872. The mineral springs consist of thermal saline waters. They contain chloride of sodium, with sulphate of lime, carbonate of iron, and carbonic acid, and a small quantity of lithia, and are used chiefly as hot baths. BADEN-BEI-WIEN (bad'en-bi-ven') , a frequented watering place of Lower Aus- tria, about 15 miles S. S. W. of Vienna. It was the Aquae Pannoniae, or Cethiae of the Romans, and is still famous for its warm mineral springs. Near by is the former royal hunting lodge, Meierling, where Crown Prince Rudolf met a tragic end in 1889. Pop. about 20,000. BADEN-POWELL, SIR ROBERT STEPHENSON SMYTH, a British mili- tary officer born in London, Feb. 22, 1857; was educated at the Charterhouse School ; joined the 13th Hussars in 1876; was Adjutant in India, Afghanistan, and South Africa; Assistant Military Secre- tary on the staff in South Africa in 1887- 1889 ; took part in the operations in Zulu- land in 1888; Assistant Military Secre- tary in Malta in 1890-1893; on special sei-vice in Ashanti, commanding the native levies, 1895, for which he was bre- vetted Lieutenant-Colonel, chief staflF offi- cer in the Matabeleland campaign, for which he was brevetted Colonel; and became Lieutenant-Colonel, commanding the 5th Dragoon Guards, in 1897. In the war in South Africa in 1899-1900, he signally distinguished himself by his grand defense of Mafeking, Cape Colony. (See Boer War). In recognition of his services the Queen appointed him a Major- General. He established the BoY Scouts (q. V.) in 1908, becoming a Lieutenant- General in the same year. General Baden- Powell has published several works, including "Reconnaissance and Scouting" (1890); "Vedette" (1890); "Cavalry Instruction" (1895); "The Downfall of Prempeh" (1896) ; "The Matabele Cam- paign" (1896) ; "Scouting for Boys" (1908) ; "My Adventures as a Spy" (1915) ; etc. BADENWEILER (bad'en-vl'ler) , a watering place in the republic of Baden, near Miilheim. Its mineral springs are now rated among the indififerent waters,