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SALDEB 390 BALDWIN 1913. She was a member of many state commissions on industrial problems and immigration, a member of the City Plan- ning Board of Boston from 1914, and a delegate to the International Congress of Women at The Hague and to several other international congresses. She wrote "Public Assistance of the Poor in France" (1893) ; "Women at The Hague" (1915) ; "Approaches to the Great Set- tlement" (1918); etc. BALDER, or BALDTJR, a Scandina- vian divinity, represented as the son of Odin and Frigga, beautiful, wise, amiable, and beloved by all the gods. His mother took an oath from every creature, and even from every inanimate object, that they would not harm Balder, but omitted the mistletoe. Balder was, there- fore, deemed invulnerable, and the other gods in sport flung stones and shot ar- rows at him without harming him. But the evil god, Loki, fashioned an arrow from the mistletoe and got Balder's blind, brother Hoder to shoot it, himself guid- ing his aim. Balder fell dead, pierced to the heart, to the deep grief of all the gods. He is believed to be a personifica- tion of the brightness and beneficence of the sun, BALD MOUNTAIN, the name of sev- eral eminences in the United States, of which the following are the principal: (1) In Colorado, height, 11,493 feet; (2) in California, height, 8,295 feet; (3) in Utah, height, 11,975 feet; (4) in Wyom- ing, in the Wind River Range, height, 10,760 feet; and, (5) in North Carolina, height, 5,550 feet. BALDNESS, an absence of hair on the head. Congenital baldness (complete ab- sence of hair at birth) is sometimes met with; but, in most cases, is only tempo- rary, and gives place, in a few years, to a natural growth of hair. Occasionally, however, it persists through life. Senile baldness (calvities) is one of the most familiar signs of old age. It commences in a small area at the crown, wJiere the natural hair is first replaced by down before the skin becomes smooth and shining. From this area the process ex- tends in all directions. It is more com- mon in men than women. Baldness in patches {alopecia areata) attacks chiefly children and young per- sons, frequently those of debilitated con- stitutions. The only change at first per- ceptible is that the hair falls out in one or more places, leaving smooth bare patches. Alopecia areata has been at- tributed to the action of a parasite; but it is more probably due to some obscure nervous influence. BALDWIN, BALDOUIN, or BALD- UIN, the name of a long line of sovereign Counts of Flanders, of whom the most celebrated was Baldwin IX., who became, afterward. Emperor of Con- stantinople. BALDWIN I., the son of Baldwin VIII., Count of Flanders and Hainault, born in Valenciennes in 1170. In 1200, he joined the crusaders with his brother Thierry, and, in 1202, aided the Vene- tians in their attack upon Constanti- nople, of which city he was crowned Em- peror, May 16, 1204. In the next year Baldwin was taken prisoner by the King of Bulgaria, and, it is said, died in cap- tivity in 1206. He was much esteemed by the Gi'eeks for his charity, temper- ance, and justice. BALDWIN II., the last Frank Em- peror of Constantinople, born in 1217. He was the son of Pierre de Courtenay, and succeeded his brother Robert in 1228. He was twice besieged in his imperial city, and being too weak to defend his dominions, repaired to Italy to seek aid from the Pope. At the court of France, Baldwin was favorably received by the king, St. Louis, to whom he presented a crown of thorns, which was held by all Christendom to be the genuine relic. Baldwin, in 1239, set out for Constanti- nople with a body of crusaders, who, however, soon quitted him, and took the route to Palestine. He succeeded, ulti- mately, in raising new forces in the West, and regained his capital; but, in 1261, Michael Paleologus invested it, and entered Constantinople on the 29th of July. Baldwin fled to Sicily, where he died in obscurity, in 1273. BALDWIN I., King of Jerusalem, was the son of Eustace, Count of Bouillon, and accompanied his brother Godfrey of Bouillon into Palestine, where he gained the sovereignty of the state of Edessa. He succeeded his brother on the throne of Jerusalem in 1100, and for 18 years waged war against the Turks, the Arabs, the Persians, and the Saracens. He secured for the Christians the coast of Syria, from the Gulf of Issus to the confines of Egypt. He died at Laris, in the desert, in 1118, and was buried on Mount Calvary. BALDWIN II., King of Jerusalem, son of Hugh, Count of Rethel, was crowned in 1118, after Eustace, brother of Baldwin I., had renounced all claim to the vacant throne. In 1120 he gained a great victory over the Saracens, but, in 1124, he was taken prisoner by them, and was ransomed only by giving up Tyre. In 1131 he abdicated in favor of