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BRANCHIOPODA 154 BRANDING instead of being dependent on the atmos- phere. BRANCHIOPODA, Cuvier's first order of the sub-class entomostraca. The gen- era included under it, such as cyclops, cypris, apus, limnadia, branchipus, etc., are now generally ranked under several orders, viz., copepoda, ostracoda, and phyllopoda. It is also a division or "le- gion" of the sub-class entomostraca. It includes the orders dadocera, phyllopoda and trilobita, perhaps with mesostoma. BRANCHIOSTOMA, Costa's name for the vei-y anomalous genus of fishes now called amphioxus. BRANCO, RIO, a river of northern Brazil, which rises in the Parima Moun- tains, on the very borders of Venezuela; and, after a S. course of about 400 miles, joins the Rio Negro, of which it is the principal tributary, on its way to the Amazon. BRANDEGEE, FRANK BOSWORTH, United States Senator from Connecticut; bom in New London, in 1864. He studied at Yale, from which he graduated in 1885. He chose the profession of law and was admitted to the bar in 1888. In that year he was elected to the Connecti- cut General Assembly, and was made Speaker of that body in 1899. In 1902 he was elected a Representative to the Fifty-seventh Congress and re-elected for the two following terms. He was elected as United States Senator, May 9, 1905; re-elected Jan. 20, 1909, and again on Nov. 3, 1914. He was active in affairs relating to Mexico and took an active stand in opposing ratification of the Versailles Peace Treaty. BRANDEIS, LOUIS DEMBITZ, an American jurist; bom in Louisville, Ky., in 1856. He studied in German schools abroad and also at Harvard University. He was admitted to the bar in 1878. From 1879 to 1916, he practiced law in Boston, where he built up a large client- age and achieved a reputation as a lawyer of remarkable learning and acu- men. He was counsel in many cases of national interest, being usually on the side of the public where large corpo- rate interests were concerned. In freight rate cases, eight-hour law controversies, and matters of wage dispute, he has been prominent and he has often been called on to act as arbitrator. He was nominated as a justice of the Supreme Court by President Wilson in 1916, and was confirmed in the face of consider- able opposition. He was the first He- brew to sit on the Supreme Court bench. He was active in the Zionist movement, and in 1920 went to Europe to attend a conference on that question. BRANDENBURG, a province of Prus- sia, surrounded mainly by Mecklenburg and the provinces of Pomerania, Posen, Silesia, and Prussian Saxony. The soil consists in many parts of barren sands, heaths, and moors; yet the province pro- duces much grain, as well as fruits, hemp, flax, tobacco, etc., and supports many sheep. The forests are very ex- tensive. The principal streams are the Elbe, the Oder, the Havel, and the Spree. Berlin is located in Brandenburg. Area 15,400 square miles, population about 4,000,000, including the city of Berlin. The Old Mark of Brandenburg was bestowed by the Emperor Charles IV. on Frederick of Hohenzollem, and is the center round which the Kingdom of Prussia grew. The town of Branden- burg is on the Havel, 35 miles W. S. W. of Berlin. It is divided into three parts — an old town, a new town, and a ca- thedral town — by the river, and has con- siderable manufactures, including silk, woolens, leather, etc. Pop. about 55,000. BRANDES, GEORG (bran'des), a Danish literary critic of Jewish family, born in Copenhagen, Feb. 4, 1842, where he graduated at the university in 1864. Several books on athletic and philo- sophic subjects brought on him a charge of scepticism, which was not removed by an epoch-making series of lectures, pub- lished under the title, "The Great Ten- dencies of Nineteenth-Century Litera- ture" (1872-1875). His "Danske Dig- tere," a masterpiece of psychological analysis, appeared in 1877; but the hos- tility of his enemies induced him in the same year to leave Denmark, and settle in Berlin, where he published biogra- phies of Lasalle (1877), and Lord Bea- consfield (1879). In 1882 he returned to Copenhagen, his countrymen having guaranteed him an income of 4,000 crowns, with the one stipulation that he should deliver public lectures on litera- ture. His later works include "Den Ro- mantiske Skole i Frankrig" (1882) ; a biography of Ludvig Holberg (1885), and a valuable study of Shakespeare, published in an English translation in 1899; "Main Currents of 19th Century Literature" (1906). BRANDING, an ancient mode of pun- ishment by inflicting a mark on an of- fender with a hot iron. It is generally disused under the English civil law, but has been employed to punish deserters. It is not, however, now done by a hot iron, but with ink, gunpowder, or some other pi'eparation, so as to be visible and permanent. The mark is the letter