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CARMELITE 356 CABNARVON nating in a steep promontory on the S. of the Bay of Acre. It has a length of about 16 miles, and its highest point is 1,850 feet above the sea. Knights of Mount Carmel, an order of 100 knights, each of whom could prove at least four descents of nobility by both father and mother, instituted by Henry IV. of France. CARMELITE, an order of mendicant friars and nuns, who wear a scapulary, or small woolen habit of a brown color, thrown ov^r the shoulders. They claim to be in direct succession from Elijah, but their real founder was Berthold, a Calabrian, who, with a few companions, migrated to Mount Carmel about the middle of the 12th century, and built a humble cottage with a chapel, where he and his associates led a laborious and solitary life. In 1209, Albert, pa- triarch of Jerusalem, gave the solitaries a rigid rule, containing articles, and en- joining the most severe discipline. After their establishment in Europe, their rule was in some respects altered, the first time by Pope Innocent IV., and after- ward by Eugenius IV. and Pius II. The order is divided into two branches, viz., the Carmelites of the ancient observance, called moderate or mitigated, and those of the strict observance, who are known as the barefooted Carmelites. There are about 500 Carmelite nunneries and con- vents. CARMEN SYLVA, the pen-name of Elizabeth, Queen of Rumania, born Dec. 29, 1843; the daughter of Prince Her- mann of Wied-Neuwied, and Maria of Nassau; married King (then Pi-ince) Charles of Rumania in 1869. Her only child, a daughter, died in 1874, and out of this great sorrow of her life arose her literary activity. Two poems, printed privately at Leipsic in 1880 under the name "Carmen Sylva," were followed by "Storms" (1881) ; "Leiden's Erdengang*' (1882) ; translated into English as "Pilgrim Sorrow" (1884) ; "Jehovah" (1882); "Ein Gebet" (1882); "Thoughts of a Queen" (1882)- etc. Many of the translations in "Rumanian Poetry" (1881) are from her pen. Another book, in which she worked into literary form many native traditions of her adopted country, is "Pelesch-Marchen" (1883). In the war of 1877-1878, as muma ran- Ulor ("mother of the wounded"), she endeared herself to her people by her devotion to the wounded soldiers, and since that time she diligentlv fostered the national women's industries. She died at Bucharest on March 2, 1916. CARMINATIVE, a substance which acts as a stimulant to the stomach, caus- ing expulsion of flatulence, also allaying pain and spasm of the intestines. They generally contain a volatile oil; most of the ordinary condiments, as pepper, mus- tard, ginger, cinnamon, cloves, nutmeg, oil of peppermint, etc., are carminative. They are used in cases of distension, and colic of the stomach, or intestines from flatulence, also as adjuncts to purgatives to prevent griping, and to promote di- gestion in cases of atonic dyspepsia. CARMINE, the fine red coloring matter or principle of cochineal, from which it is prepared in several ways, the result being the precipitation of the carmine. It is used to some extent in dyeing, in water-color painting, to color artificial flowers, confectionery, etc. CARMONA, a town of Andalusia, Spain, 27 miles E. N. E. of Seville by rail, is picturesquely situated, and com- mands an imposmg view of the valley of the Guadalquivir. Julius Caesar speaks of Carmo or Carmona as "by far the strongest city of the whole province of ■further Spain." Recent important exca- vations on the site of the ancient necrop- olis, to the W. of the modem town, have brought to light a large number of tombs and funeral triclinia in almost perfect preservation. Considerable portions of the Moorish wall and Alcazar still remain. CARNAC, a village of Brittany, France, department of Morbihan, on a height near the coast, 15 miles S. E. of Lorient, and remai'kable for the so-called Druidical monuments in this vicinity. These consist of 11 rows of unhewn stones, which differ greatly both in size and height, the largest being 22 feet above ground, while some are quite small. These avenues originally ex- tended for several miles, but many of the stones have been cleared away for agri- cultural improvements. They are evi- dently of very ancient date, but their origin is unknown. CARNARVON, HENRY HOWARD MOLYNEUX HERBERT, EARL OE, born June 24, 1831; was educated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford. Con- servative in 1866, he accepted from Lord Derby the office of Colonial Secretary. As such he had moved the second read- ing of an important bill for the confed- eration of the British North American colonies, when, with the future Marquis of Salisbury, he resigned office upon the Reform Bill of 1867, which he regarded as democratic and dangerous. On Dis- raeli's return to power in 1874, Lord Carnarvon resumed office as Colonial Secretary, once more, however, to re- sign in 1878. During the brief Conserv-