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CAVEAT 387 CAVELL Woodford. The county is also inter- spersed by several lakes, Ramor, Sheelin, Gowna, and Oughter. The main crops are oats and potatoes, the ground being too wet and cold for diversified agri- culture, although there is good grazing in the higher portions. The manufac- ture of linen and the distilling of whis- key are the chief industries. Pop. about 90,000, of whom about four-fifths are Catholics. The county sends two mem- bers to Parliament. The town of Cavan (pop. about 3,000) is the business center and county-seat. CAVEAT (L., "let him beware"), in law, a process in a court to stop pro- ceedings, as to prevent the enrollment of a decree in chancery in order to gain time to present a petition of appeal to the Lord-Chancellor. In the United States this name is given to a notice lodged in the patent-office by a person who wishes to patent an invention, but desires to be protected till he has per- fected it. It stands good for a year, and may be renewed. See Patent. CAVE DWELLERS, prehistoric men dwelling in caves, and cave-dwelling ani- mals of corresponding periods ; also cave- dwelling men of more recent historic times. Long before the dawn of authen- tic history, primitive races of men dwelt in large numbers in natural caverns, which were often shaped, enlarged, forti- fied, or furnished by the occupants. The ages in which the prehistoric cave dwell- ers lived are usually called the Paleo- lithic, or ancient stone age, and the Neo- lithic, or later stone age. Some of the caves have been found and explored in England, France, Belgium, Spain, Amer- ica, and Australia; notably a famous cave known as Kent's Hole in Devon- shire, Eng. ; caves at Brixham and Peri- gord, and the Madeleine cave on the Vezere river, France. In the Neolithic age numerous human skeletons are found, but very few in the earlier age. It is believed that some of these human remains possibly antedate the glacial drift period of Europe. Implements of flint and stone are mingled with the re- mains. Rude carvings on stone and ivory, and on the antlers of animals have been found. Among the animals known to have dwelt in the caves with men, or to have been carried there for food, or to furnish their skins for cloth- ing, are the cave bear, and cave lion, the mammoth, musk ox, horse, dog, bison, rhinoceros, and hyena. Needles of ivory are found, leading to the inference that they knew how to sew skins together for garments. No traces of agriculture, and no implements used in agriculture have been discovered. Lance heads, arrow heads, hammers, saws made of flint, and harpoons, have been found. In the cave of Cro-Magnon in the S. of France skeletons were found that are accepted by paleontologists as those of genuine cave men. Taking them as the type it is inferred that the Paleolithio cave dwellers were a tall, powerfully built race, with long, narrow skulls, broad faces, and powerful jaws. Investi- gations in the Belgian caves seem to in- dicate that the cave men of that region were of much smaller stature, but with sjmimetrical, well-shaped bodies. The caves belonging to the Neolithic age yield remains classified into three ages: Neolithic (proper), bronze, and iron. They are widely distributed throughout Europe, and contain celts, flints, flakes, rude pottery, bones of the pig, dog, horse, sheep, and goat, with those of many wild animals still indige- nous in Europe, and of some that are extinct, and many human skeletons. The latter show that the people populated the caves in great numbers. They were a race of short-statured people having common resemblances in various regions of Europe. They were in some regions cannibals, and slightly in advance of the Paleolithic races in the variety of their implements and occupations. Their grad- ual progress dovm to the dawn of history is shown by the substitution of bronze, and then of iron, in place of the stone of earlier ages for implements and weapons. In America, caves with human remains have been investigated in Brazil, Ohio, Kentucky, Minnesota, Arizona, Colorado, Nevada, Utah, and California. There are remains that have been deposited within the period of authentic history. The conclusions drawn from cave re- mains, as to the antiquity of man, are subject to the doubts that beset all cal- culations as to the rate of deposit of geological strata and to the rapidity of changes in climates and zoological char- acteristics. CAVELL, EDITH, an English nurse, born at Norwich, England, in 1872. Her father was a clergyman. She was trained as a nurse in a London hospital, entering the institution in 1896. In 1900 she went to Belgium for the purpose of organiz- ing and carrying on a training school for Belgian nurses. She showed remark- able administrative ability, and in 1906 the institution of which she had become the head was the most important of its kind in Belgium. When the World War broke out she was on a visit to England, but at once returned and threw all her energies into the work of nursing wound-