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CHEMISTRY 449 CHENONCEAUX An examination of these three laws led Dalton to formulate the Atomic Theory of Matter, although other chemists be- fore him had put forward from time to time a similar hypothesis. Expressed briefly, the theory is that matter is made up of minute particles called atoms, and that chemical combination takes place be- tween these atoms. Atoms of the same element are similar to one another and equal in weight, and compounds are formed by the union of atoms of differ- ent elements in simple numerical propor- tion—! : 1. 1 : 2, 2 : 3, 5 : 1, and so on. This theory forms the basis of quan- titative chemical work, and modern chem- istry offers an overwhelming mass of evi- dence that the theory is true. The Status of Chemistry. The im- portance of chemistry in daily life can scarcely be over-estimated. Most of our industries are largely dependent upon it, including the manufacture of iron and steel, paper, glass, photographic mate- rials, oils, drugs, dyes, explosives, soaps, concrete, paint, perfumes, and many others. The manufacture and application of fertilizers forms the connecting link between this science and the farm, and the preparation of foodstuffs, flavorings, and essences brings chemistry into the kitchen. Some knowledge of chemistry, moreover, is a necessity to the physician, the engineer, or the electrician. It is, therefore, clear, that modern existence is more dependent upon chemistry than upon any other science. CHEMISTRY, AGRICULTURAL. See Agricultural Chemistry. CHEMISTRY, ANIMAL. See ANIMAL Chemistry. CHEMISTRY, INDUSTRIAL. Chem- istry of Manufactures. CHEMISTRY, PHYSIOLOGICAL. Chemistry of Living Organisms. CHEMNITZ, a town of Saxony, at the base of the Erzgebirge, and at the con- fluence of the Chemnitz river with three other streams, 51 miles S. S. E. of Leip- sic. It is the principal manufacturing town of Saxony — the "Saxon Manches- ter" its townsfolk call it — its industry consisting in weaving cottons, woolens, and silks, and in printing calicoes, chiefly for German consumption. It supplies the world with cheap hosiery, and makes mixed fabrics of wool, cotton, and jute for the markets of Europe and the United States. It has several extensive machine-factories, producing locomo- tives and other steam-engines, with ma- chinery for flax and wool spinning, weaving, and mining industry. Created a free imperial city as early as 1125, Chemnitz suffered much during the Thirty Years' War. Pop. about 300,000. CHEMULPO, a town on the W. coast of Korea, 25 miles by road W, S. W. of the capital, Seoul. It is one of the three treaty ports opened in 1883 to foreign commerce, the volume of which has since steadily advanced, in spite of the draw- backs resulting from the great differ- ence between high and low water here (33 feet), and the want of wharves. Pop., about 30,000; the bulk of the for- eigners are Japanese. Small steamers owned by Japanese run to Seoul in sum- mer, and Chemulpo is connected by tele- graph both with China and Japan. CHENEY, CHARLES EDWARD, an American clergyman; born in Canan- daigua, N. Y., Feb. 12, 1836. He was graduated at Hobart College in 1857, and, after a course at the Theological Seminary of Virginia, was ordained a clergyman of the Protestant Episcopal Church in 1858. Becoming rector of Christ Church, Chicago, he incurred cen- sure for heterodoxy and was tried on that charge and deposed from the priest- hood. He at once became a leader in the Reformed Episcopal movement, and was consecrated bishop of the new denomina- tion in 1873, a post he continued to hold, as well as the rectorship of Christ Church. He died in 1916. CHENEY, EDNAH DOW (LITTLE- HALE), an American writer; born in Boston in 1824. She was president of the New England Woman's Club and the Massachusetts Suffrage Association. She wrote "Handbook of American His- tory for Colored People"; "Life of Louisa M. Alcott"; and several stories, besides other books. She died in 1904. CHENIER, ANDRE MARIE DE (sha- nya'), a French poet; born in Constan- tinople, Oct. 30, 1762. Shortly before the Terror he made a vigorous attack on the Jacobins in the "Journal de Paris." He wrote Louis XVI. 's appeal to the people after the death sentence. He cel- ebrated in verse Charlotte Corday. He perished under the guillotine July 25, 1794. CHENONCEAUX (sha-n6n-s5') , a famous French chateau, standing partly on an island in the Cher, partly on a bridge spanning the river, near a station 20 miles E. by S. of Tours. It was be- gun in 1524 by the Chancellor Thomas Bohier, continued by Diana of Poitiers, and completed by Catharine de' Medici, who richly embellished the building and surrounded it with a beautiful park. It passed into private hands. The castle is in excellent preservation.