$15 per $1,000 valuation. Property is assessed at 100 per cent. valuation. The net funded debt of the city (less sinking fund) is $59,723,087. The total assessed realty valuation is $466,914,880. The budg-et for 1919 was $7,236,668. The Cincinnati Water Works are municipally owned. They have a rated capacity of 128,000,000 gallons per day; the daily consumption is in the neighborhood of 60,000,000 gallons. The pressure varies in different places from 40 to 170 pounds. The water works is self-supporting; all its needed revenue is derived from the sale of water, and none from taxes.
Cincinnati, named in honor of the Society of the Cincinnati, was first settled by white men in 1780, and was incorporated as a city in 1819. Mounds containing various relics show that a portion of the site of the city was anciently occupied. The first steamboat descending from Pittsburgh visited the town in 1811; the first railway was opened in 1845; the first Roman Catholic bishop was consecrated in 1822; and the city has been an archiepiscopal see since 1850.
CINCINNATI, a society or order in the United States, established by the officers of the Revolutionary army in 1783, “to perpetuate their friendship, and to raise a fund for relieving the widows and orphans of those who had fallen during the war.” It was so named because it included patriots, headed by Washington, who in many instances had left rural affairs to serve their country (see Cincinnatus). The badge of the society is a bald eagle suspended by a dark-blue ribbon with white borders, symbolizing the union of France and the United States. On the breast of the eagle there is a figure of Cincinnatus receiving the military ensigns from the senators, round the whole are the words “Omnia relinquit servare rempublicam.” As this distinction was made hereditary, it was attacked as opposed to republican equality. Franklin saw in it the germ of a future aristocracy; and at a meeting held in Philadelphia in 1784 several changes were made in the constitution of the society, the right of succession being made conditional on approval in each case by the society. Membership descends to the eldest lineal male descendant, if judged worthy, and, in failure of direct male descent, to male descendants through intervening female descendants. The general society is composed of the general officers and five delegates from each State society, and meets triennially. In 1854 it ruled that proper descendants of Revolutionary officers who were entitled to original membership, but who never could avail themselves of it, are qualified for hereditary membership, if found worthy, on due application. There are about 1,000 living members. President, Winslow Warren.
CINCINNATI, UNIVERSITY OF, a coeducational institution for higher education at Cincinnati, O. It is a municipal university, maintained by the city. There are about 3,000 students and 350 members of the faculty. The university was founded in 1871. President, Charles William Dabney, Ph. D., W. L. D.
CINCINNATUS, LUCIUS QUINCTIUS, a wealthy patrician in the early days of the Roman Republic, born about 519 B. C. He succeeded Publicola in the consulship, and then retired to cultivate his small estate beyond the Tiber. The messengers of the senate found him at work on his farm when they came to summon him to the dictatorship. He rescued the army from its peril, and then returned quietly to his farm. At the age of 80 he was again appointed dictator to oppose the ambitious designs of Spurius Mælius.
CINDERELLA (little cinder girl), the heroine of a popular fairy tale. She is the drudge of the house, dirty with housework, while her elder sisters go to fine balls. At length a fairy enables her to go to the prince's ball; the prince falls in love with her, and she is discovered by means of a glass slipper which she drops, and which will fit no foot but her own. The glass slipper is a strange mistranslation of pantoufle en vair (a fur slipper), not en verre.
CINEMATOGRAPH, an instrument designed to picture persons and things while in motion. The invention is to be credited to two brothers, Lumière of Lyons, France. The principle on which it is founded is the same as that of Edison's kinetoscope, namely, the persistence of vision. The device consists of a photographing band or film about an inch and a quarter wide, and with a minimum length of 50 feet. This is exposed in a cinematograph. The band is wound around a drum and passes from this to a series of compensating drums into a position behind the lense of the camera. The shutter of this lense opens sixteen times a second for a period of perhaps one-hundredth of a second. In the intervals of the shutter being closed the film is pulled forward for about three-quarters of an inch for a second exposure, and so on. The mechanism is usually worked by a crank which turns at a rate of twice a second. After the exposure the film is developed and wound upon a large drum. To produce positives from these
