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CONRADIN IH CONSERVATION "The Mirror of the Sea" (1906) ; "Point of Honor" (1908) ; "Twixt Land and Sea" (New York, 1913); "Victory" (1917). CONRADIN, the son of Conrad IV., Duke of Suabia, and the last of the house of Hohenstauffen ; born in 1252. As the greatest part of the possessions of his family had been swept away, Conradin accepted the invitation of the Italian Ghibellines to place himself at their head. He crossed the Alps with 10,000 men; was well received at Verona, and, not- withstanding the treason of his relatives, Meinhard and Louis of Bavaria, who left him with but 3,000 men, he entered south Italy. Charles d'Anjou, on whom the crown of Naples had been bestowed by Pope Urban IV., met Conradin at Tagli- acozzo, defeated him, and caused him to be beheaded, in 1268. CONSANGUINITY, the quality or state of being related by blood; nearness of kin; descent from a common ancestor. Consanguinity is of two kinds, lineal and collateral. Lineal subsists among per- sons who descend in what may be called a straight line from a common ancestor; thus grandfather, father, son, grandson, great-grandson have lineal consanguin- ity. Collateral consanguinity is when there is descent from a common ancestor, but not in a direct line; as grandfather, father, his brother, son of the first, etc. Here the line is not direct. CONSCIOUSNESS, the state of being conscious; knowledge or perception of what passes in one's own mind. In- ternal sense or knowledge of guilt or innocence. Consciousness is the recog- nition by the mind of its own acts. CONSCRIPTION, the enlisting of the inhabitants of a country capable of bear- ing arms, by a compulsory levy, at the pleasure of the government, being thus distinguished from recruiting, or volun- tary enlistment. The word and the sys- tem were both introduced into France" in 1798 by a law which declared that every Frenchman was a soldier, and bound to defend the country when in danger. On the restoration of the Bourbons con- scription was abolished. It was, how- ever, re-enacted, and continued through the Second Empire to form the mode of recruitment in France. An army-bill, passed by the National Assembly in 1872, affirmed the universal liability to conscription, but allowed certain excep- tions and postponements. The term of service was fixed at 5 years in the ac- tive army, 4 years in the reserve of the active army, 5 years in the territorial army, and 6 years in its reserve — the total length of military service being thus 20 years. Universal liability to military service is the law in Italy, and was in Germany and Austria until abol- ished in these two countries by the Peace Treaty of 1919 following the World War. Under the Empire the Russian army was raised by conscription, all men who completed their 21st year being liable. Great Britain and the United States began conscription in 1916 and 1917, respectively, of the World War (1914-1918). CONSECRATION, the act of solemnly dedicating a person or thing to the serv- ice of God. In the Jewish law, rites of this nature are frequently enjoined, the Levites and priests, the tabernacle and altar, etc., being specially dedicated or consecrated to God. Among Christians the word consecration describes — the ordination of bishops. The Nicene Coun- cil requires the ceremony to be per- formed by not less than three bishops. This rule is maintained by the Church of England. Among Roman Catholics the Pope may permit Consecration by one bishop and two priests. The hallow- ing of the elements in the eucharist, by the words of institution according to Roman Catholics and Anglicans; by the invocation of the Holy Spirit according to the Greeks. The dedication of churches. The rites have become long and elaborate in the Church of Rome. In the English Church the bishop chooses his own form. That most gen- erally used was drawn up by the An- glican episcopate in 1712. In the Amer- ican Episcopal Church a form was ap- pointed in 1799. The benediction of abbots and abbesses according to forms prescribed in the Roman Pontifical. It is usually performed by a bishop. The consecration of altars, chalices, and patens by the bishop with the chrism or hallowed oil. The consecration of altars is mentioned by councils of the 6th cen- tury, that of chalices and patens in the Gregorian Sacramentary, CONSERVATION, the act of preserv- ing, maintaining, supporting, or protect- ing. The conservation of energy is a principle based on the general one that energy communicated to a body or sys- tem of bodies is never lost; it is merely distributed and continues to exist as po- tential energy, as motion or as heat. It now stands as one of the axioms of physics, and is sometimes called correla- tion of forces. CONSERVATION, the purpose of the movement for the conservation of the natural resources of the United States is to protect from wasteful use and from