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DOG ROSE 392 DOLCI (dogmas), or the branch of theology that deals with them. The first attempt to furnish a complete and coherent sys- tem of Christian dogmas was made by Origen in the 3d century. DOG ROSE, a common plant in hedges and thickets; also called the wild brier. The fruit is known as the hep or hip. The ripe fruit is used to prepare con- fection or conserve of hips, which is used in the preparation of certain kinds of pills. DOG-STAR, a name for Sirius, the star that gives its name to the dog days. DOG'S-TAIL GRASS, a small genus of meadow grasses, of which the crested species is esteemed alike for pastures and lawns. DOGTOOTH, in architecture, an orna- ment or molding used from late Norman to early decorated, in the form of a four-leaved flower, with the center pro- jecting. DOG-TOOTH VIOLET, a liliaceous plant which owes its name partly to the color of its flowers, partly to the tooth- like bulb, a frequent inmate of the rock garden or herbaceous border, present- ing a characteristic appearance, not only in March and April, from its large, abundant flowers, but on account of its peculiarly blotched leaves. In Tartary its bulbs yield starch, and in Russia they are used medicinally. DOGWATCH, on shipboard, a name given to each of two watches of two hours each instead of four, adopted for the purpose of varying the hours of watches kept by each part of the crew during the 24 hours, otherwise the same watch would invariably fall to the same men. In order to obviate this the watches are arranged thus: 8 to 12 P. M. (a); 12 to 4 A. M. (6) ; 4 to 8 A. M. (a) ; 8 to 12 A. M. (b) ; 12 to 4 P. M. (a) ; 4 to 6 p. M. (b), dogwatch; 6 to 8 P. M. (a), dogwatch; 8 to 12 P. M. (b) and so on. DOGWOOD, a common name for plants of the genus Cornus, but more especially applied to C. sanguinea. The wood is hard, and is sometimes used for butchers* skewers, toothpicks, etc. The fruit is black, about the size of a currant, very bitter, and yields an oil used in France for burning in lamps and for soapmak- ing. The following are the best known varieties : 1. Cornus floHda is a common Ameri- can shrub, growing 6-10 feet in height, and bearing beautiful white clusters of flowers, enlivening the hedges and bush of the warmer portion of the United States. It is productive of a bark much valued as an antiperiodic in ague, etc., and its wood, which is hard, white, and close grained, is useful in various ways. One unique use of its small branches is to form tooth-brushes with which women in some of the Southern States "dip" snuff. 2. Euonymus europssus. Loudon says, "It is called dogwood because a decoction of its leaves was used to wash dogs to free them from vermin"; and this deri- vation receives some support from an- other of its synonyms, louse-berry tree. DOHRN, ANTON (d5rn), a German zoologist; born in Stettin, Dec. 29, 1849; studied at Konigsberg, Bonn, Jena, and Berlin, lectured for a time on zoology at Jena, and in 1870 founded the great zoological station at Naples. As an embryologist he devoted himself mainly to the development of insects and crustaceans; and besides reports, published works on the origin of the vertebrates. He died Sept. 29, 1909. DOIT, a small copper coin current in Scotland during the reigns of the Stuarts. It was a Dutch coin, in value equal to the eighth of an English penny, or half a farthing. DOLABELLA. PUBLIUS CORNE- LIITS (dol-a-bel'la), the son-in-law of Cicero, who took sides with Julius Caesar in the civil war, served under him at Pharsalia, Thapsus, and Munda, and was made by him consul and gov- ernor of Syria. He was deprived of his government by Cassius, and revenged himself by putting to death Trebonius, governor of Asia Minor, and one of the assassins of the dictator. Declared an enemy of the republic for this act, he took refuge in Laodicea, where he was besieged by Cassius and compelled to commit suicide, 43 B. C. DOLBEAR, AMOS EMERSON, an American physicist and inventor; born in Norwich, Conn., Nov. 10, 1887; was a valuable contributor to science. Among his publications are: "The Art of Pro- jecting" (1876); "The Speaking Tele- phone" (1877); "Sound and Its Phe- nomena," and "Matter, Ether, and Mo- tion." He patented the magneto-electric telephone and the static telephone in 1879. He died in 1910. DOLCI, CARLO or CARLINO (doP che), a painter of the Florentine school; born in Florence in 1616. He received his first instruction in art from Jacopo Vignali, a pupil of Roselli. His works consist chiefly of madonnas and saints. The faces are full of a pleasing and ten- der softness, which, however, is often carried so far as to rob them of all char- acter. His works are numerous and