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DOWER 413 DOYLE German; "Southey" (1879); Life of Percy Bysshe Shelley" (1886); "Studies in Literature" (3d ed. 1887) ; "Introduc- tion to Shakespeare" (1893); "Primer of French Literature" (1897) ; "Life of Browning" (1904); "Montayne" (1903); "Essays" (1910). He visited the United States in 1896, delivered a notable series of lectures at Princeton. He died April 4, 1913. DOWER, the estate for life which a widow acquires in a certain portion of her husband's real property after his death. Dower, by the common law, which in this matter is the general law in the United States, entitles the widow to a third part of all the lands and tene- ments of which the husband was seized in fee-simple, or fee-tail, at any time during the coverture ; but the rule varies widely on many pai-ticulars in the differ- ent States. Tenancy in dower is where a widow takes a third of such lands and tenements as her husband died entitled to, for seizin is not here necessary, and in which her title to dower has not been previously barred. This mode of pro- viding for a widow seems to have been unknown in the early part of the Saxon constitution of England, from which country our laws are derived; for, in the laws of King Edmund, the wife is di- rected to be supported wholly out of the personal estate. Afterward, as may be seen in gavelkind tenure, the widow be- came entitled to an estate in one-half of the lands, provided she remained chaste and unmarried; as is usual also in copy- hold dowers, or freebench. DOWIE, JOHN ALEXANDER, ad- venturer ; born in Scotland. At one time a pastor in Australia, he afterward went to Chicago, 111., and became a "healer," real-estate operator, newspaper proprie- tor, and manufacturer. He founded a lace-making industry near Waukegan, 111.; the place was called "Zion" and his folowers "Zionites." He announced that he was the prophet Elijah returned • to earth, and surrounded himself with armed guards under a pretense that his life was in danger. In October, 1903, Dowie and 3,500 of his followers journeyed to New York. The object was to prain recruits for the Dowie Church, and to induce New York- ers to invest money in the Zion ^ City enterprises. The crusade was a failure. He died March 9, 1907. DOWLAS, a kind of coarse linen, very commonly worn by the lower classes in the 16th century; also a strong calico made in imitation of the linen fabric. DOWNING STREET, a short street in Whitehall (named after Sir George Downing, Secretary to the Treasury in 1667), London, England, where are the Colonial and Foreign Offices, with the official residence since 1735 of the First Lord of the Treasury. Here cabinet councils are held, hence the term is some- times employed for the government in office. DOWNS, a term given to undulating grassy hills or uplands, specially apj)lic'rl to two ranges of undulating chalk hills in England, extending through Surrey, Kent, and Hampshire, known as the North and South Downs. The word is sometimes used as equivalent to dunes or sand-hills. DOWNS, THE, an important road- stead or shelter for shipping, off the S. E. coast of Kent, England, opposite Ramsgate and Deal, between North and South Foreland, and protected externally by the Goodwin Sands; a natural break' water with 1 to 4 fathoms water, and often partly dry at low tide. This large natural harbor of refuge is 8 miles by 6, with an anchorage of 4 to 12 fathoms. It is resorted to temporarily by outward and homeward bound vessels and squad- rons of ships of war, and is unsafe only in S. winds. It is defended by Deal, Dover, and Sandown Castles. DOYEN, CHARLES A., an Anaerican soldier; born in New Hampshire, in 1859. He graduated from the Naval Academy at Annapolis in 1883. He was appointed 2d lieutenant in the marine corps. After serving in the Spanish- American War he became fleet marine officer of the fleet. In 1904 he held a command in the Philippines and in the following year was appointed command- er of the first brigade of the marines in the islands. He was appointed colonel in 1909 and in 1915 was in command of the Marine Barracks in Washington, D. C. He was appointed brigadier-general in 1917 and for a time saw service in France. He was transferred to com- mand the Marine Corps Training Camp at Quantico, Va., where he died in 1918. He commanded the first regiment of marines sent to France in 1917. He was well-known as an expert in machine gunnery. DOYLE. SIR ARTHUR CONAN. a Scotch story and romance writer; born in Edinburgh, May 22, 1859. He was care- fully trained for a physician, but went to London at 20 and adopted litei-ature as a profession. His gi-eatest success was won with the series of detective tales known as the Sherlock Holmes stories: "The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes," etc. He also wrote : "The Adventures of Brigadier Gerard" (1895), a Napoleonic 27— Vol. Ill— €yo