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CODE Boston for several years, but disagree- ments with the authorities caused him to remove in 1638 to Aquidneck, or Rhode Island, where he founded a colony to be governed "by the laws of the Lord Jesus Christ." This scheme was soon aban- doned, and in 1640 he himself was chosen governor. He was unable to secure the reception of Rhode Island into the colo- nial confederacy. In 1674 and 1675 he was again elected governor. He died in 1678. CODE, a systematic collection or digest of laws, classified and simplified. (1) Code Napoleon — The name given to a code promulgated in France in 1804, originally under the name of Code Civil des Frangais, but altered to Code Napo- leon under Bonaparte. (2) Code of Justinian. — [Named after Justinian, who was born of obscure parentage in A. D. 482 or 483; became emperor at Constantinople, April, 527; added Italy and Africa to his empire, and died Nov. 15, 565.] A code of law drawn up under the auspices of the Em- peror Justinian. In April, 529, was is- sued a compilation of useful laws or con- stitutions from Hadrian to Justinian. In December, 534, a revised code was pub- lished, and was accorded the force of law. It was called "Codex Justinianus repetitae praelectionis." In December, 533, a commission, headed by the cele- brated jurist, Trebonius, published an elaborate work called "Digestse" (things digested), and "Pandectae" (embracing all). This also received the force of law. Just before the Digest appeared, there came first, by direction of Justinian, an abstract of the greater work. To this was given the name of "Institutiones." New laws subsequently enacted were pub- lished under the name of Novae or Con- stitutiones Novellae, or Authenticae. They are often quoted as his "Novels." The expression, "Code of Justinian," com- prehends the "Code" properly so called, the "Institutes," the "Digest," and the "Novels." The Code of Justinian is a very essential part of the civil law. (3) Code of Theodosius. — [Named after Theodosius II., generally called the younger, who was born on April 10, A. D. 401, and died emperor at Constantinople on July 28, 450.] The Code of Theodo- sius (Codex Theodosianus) was a collec- tion of laws published in his reign. They acquired legislative force in A. d. 438. (4) In the United States. — The acts of Congress have been codified and are spoken of as the United States Code, and in each State the acts of the different legislatures are usually annually printed and periodically codified. 42 CODEX Social Economy. — Any set of by-lawa or of ethical rules or customs governing conduct of the members of a profession or any special branch of the body politic, as the medical code, the naval code, etc. Cipher Code. — A system of arbitrary words to designate prearranged or pre- determined words, figures or sentences. See Cipher Writing: Codex. CODEIA, CODEINA, or CODEINE (C18H21NO3 or CKH,s(CHa NO,, methyl morphine), an alkaloid obtained by di- gesting opium with warm, water, pre- cipitating the meconic acid with calcium chloride, and concentrating the filtrate; the hydrochlorates of morphine and codeine crystallize out first, and may be separated by treating their aqueous solu- tion vnth ammonia, which precipitates the morphine; the liquid is then evap- orated, and the codeine is precipitated by caustic potash and recrystallized from ether. CODEX, a roll or volume, especially used in compound terms, as Codex Justinianus, Code of Justinian, Codex Theodosianus, Code of Theodosius. In Biblical criticism, a manuscript of any portion of the New or Old Testament, especially of the former. The original manuscripts of the two Testaments have been lost. In our inability to obtain them for purposes of consultation, it is needful to fall back on other copies as few removes as possible from the original. When in copying the Scriptures the an- cient transcribers detected an error com- mitted by some one of their predeces- sors, they did not simply erase it, but placed it as an erratum on the margin of their copy. As further transcriptions were made fresh errata were similarly noted, till at length the margin became greatly crowded. In attempting to re- store the original text great value is attached to the acquisition of any manu- scripts made in one of the earliest centuries, from the power it gives one of eliminating errata belonging to sub- sequent periods. Manuscripts are divided into two classes: uncials, written in capitals and with no spaces between the words, and cursives, written more in con- formity with modern practice. When ' the New Testament was rendered into English for the authorized version of the Scriptures, the Greek text used, that of Erasmus and Robert Stephens, was based on MSS. more modern than the .^ 10th century. Now, some of much earlier date are available, prominent among which are the five noted below: Codex A (called also Codex Alexandri- nus) . — The Alexandrian, or Alexandrine, MS. of the New Testament; a MS. sent by the Patriarch of Constantinople as