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COLONNA 68 COLONY CoLONNA, POMPEO, nephew of the above, a restless and intriguing Roman cardinal. He quarreled in succession with the Popes Julius II., Leo X., and Clement VII., and had part in all the troubles of the court of Rome. When Clement VII. was the prisoner of the Constable de Bourbon, Pompeo exerted his influence for his liberation. He at length became viceroy of Naples. He died in 1532. CoLONNA, ViTTORiA, an Italian poetess, daughter of Fabrizio Colonna, high con- stable of Naples, born in 1490. When 4 years old, she was betrothed to a boy of the same age, Fernando d'Avalos, son of the Marchese di Pescara. At 17 they were married. After her husband's death in the battle of Pa via (1525), Vittoria found her chief consolation in solitude, and the cultivation of her poetical genius. During seven years of her widowhood, she resided alternately at Naples and Ischia, and then removed to the convent of Or- vieto, and afterward to that of Viterbo. In her later years she left the convent, and resided in Rome, where she died in February, 1547. Her poems were chiefly devoted to the memory of her husband. The Colonna palace, at the base of the Quirinal, in Rome, is celebrated for its splendid picture-gallery and magnificent gardens. COLONNA, CAPE (ancient Swiium Promontorium) , a headland of Greece, forming the southernmost point of At- tica, and crowned by the ruins of a tem- ple of Minerva, 13 of whose white mar- ble columns, from which the cape derives its modern name, are still standing. COLONNADE, a range of columns. If the columns are four in number it is tetrastyle; if six in number, hexastyle; when there are eight, octastyle; when ten decastyle, and so on, according to the Greek numerals. When a colonnade is in front of a building it is called a por- tico; when surrounding a building a peW- style: and when double or more, poly- style. The colonnade is, moreover, des- ignated according to the nature of the intercolumniations introduced as follows: pycnostyle, when the space between the columns is one diameter and a half of the column; systyle, when it is of two diameters; eustyle, when of two diame- ters and a quarter; diastyle, when three; and arsestyle, when four. A colonnade differs from an arcade in this respect, that_ the columns of the former support straight architraves instead of arches. COLONUS, in civil law, a freeman of inferior rank, corresponding with the Saxon ceorl and the German rural slaves. It has been held probable that many of the ceorls were descended from the coloni taken into Saxony by the Romans. The names of the coloni and their families were all recorded in the archives of the colony or district, from which fact they were also known as adscriptitii. COLONY, a settlement formed in one country by the inhabitants of another. Colonies may either be formed in depend- ence on the mother country or in inde- pendence. Among ancient nations the principal promoters of colonization were the Phoenicians, the Greeks, and the Ro- mans; the greatest colonizers in modern times have been the English and the Spaniards. Ancient Colonies. — The Phoenician col- onies were chiefly commercial, serving as entrepots and ports of repair for Phoe- nician commerce along the coasts of Af- rica and Spain, in the latter of which they numbered, according to Strabo, more than 200. Carthage, which was it- self a colony of Phoenicia, was the great- est colonizing state of the ancient world. The Greek colonies, which were widely spread in Asia Minor and the islands of the Mediterranean, the coasts of Mace- donia and Thrace, in south Italy and Sicily, were commonly independent, and frequently soon surpassed the mother states in power and importance. The col- onies of Rome were chiefly military, and while the empire lasted were all in strict subordination to the central government. As the Roman power declined the re- mains of them amalgamated with the peoples among whom they were placed, thus forming in countries where they were sufficiently strong what are known as the Latin races, with languages (Spanish, Portuguese, French, and Ital- ian) which are merely modifications of the old Roman tongue. Portuguese. — These were the first great colonizers among modern states. In 1419 they discovered Madeira, the Azores, and the Cape Verde Islands; the Kongo and the Cape of Good Hope followed; and before the century was out Vasco da Gama had landed at Calicut on the Mala- bar coast of India. The first Portuguese colonies were garrisons along the coasts where they traded; Mozambique and So- fala on the E. coast of Africa; Ormuz and Muscat in the Persian Gulf, Goa, and Damao on the W. coast of India. Colonies were established in Ceylon in 1505; in the Moluccas in 1510. Brazil was discovered in 1499, and this magnifi- cent possession fell to Portugal, and was colonized about 1530. The Portuguese now possess several territories in Asia, at Goa, Damao and Diu, India; Macao, China; and some islands in the Indian Archipelago. In Africa they possess the