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EMPOBIA 11 ENDIVE termined by a suit for damages under the law of negligence. If the employer can show contributory negligence on the part of the workmen, he is exempt from liability in a damage suit. In 1897, 1900, and 1913 laws were passed that insured an employee agahist injury. Many of the States have compensation laws that apply to public as well as private con- cerns. Compensation or insurance is provided generally; either law may be elective or compulsory. In England em- ployers' liability is recognized and regu- lated by act of Parliament in which the element of contributory negligence is largely ignored. EMPORIA, a city and county-seat of Lyon CO., Kan.; on the Neosho and Cot- tonwood rivers, and on the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe, and the Missouri, Kansas and Texas railroads; 60 miles S. W. of Topeka. It is the farming and stock-raising center of the district, and has a Court House, State Normal School, College of Emporia, foundries, woolen and flour mills, canning and carriage factories, gas and electric lights, con- servatory of music, daily and weekly newspapers, and 2 National banks. Pop. (1910) 9,053; (1920) 11,273. V^iwf*: EMU EMU, a large bird, native of Aus- tralia. Its color is a dull brown, mottled with dingy gray; the young are striped with black. When assailed it strikes backward and obliquely with its feet, and it is so powerful that a stroke of its foot is said to be sufficient to break a man's leg. Well-trained dogs run in before it and spring at its neck. It cannot fly, but runs very fleetly. The eggs are highly esteemed as food. As much as six or seven quarts of oil have been ob- tained from the skin of a single bird. The food of the emu consists chiefly of roots, fruit, and herbage. ENAREA (e-na'ra-a), or LIMMU (le'mo), a region of Abyssinia, S. W. of Shoa, with an area of over 1,100 square miles, and about 40,000 inhabit- ants. It is a land of forest-clad hills, rising beyond 8.000 feet, with their slopes covered with the wild coffee plant. Its people, belonging to a stem of the Gallas, are mostly Mohammedans. The chief town is Saka, near the Gibbe river. ENCAUSTIC, a mode of painting in which the colors are laid on or fixed by heat. ENCAUSTIC BRICK, a brick orna- ment with various colors baked and glazed. ENCYCLICAL (-sik'li-kal) , a letter addressed by the Pope to all his bishops, condemning current errors or advising the Christian people how to act in re- gard to great public questions. It dif- fers from a "bull mainly in that the latter is usually more special in its des- tination. The famous encyclical issued Dec. 8, 1864, by Pius IX., was accom- panied by a "Syllabus" condemning specifically 80 principles in religion, philosophy, and politics. ENCYCLOP-ffiDIA. See CYCLOPAEDIA. ENDICOTT, JOHN, a colonial gov- ernor of Massachusetts ; born in Dorches- ter, England, in 1589. He landed as manager of the plantation of Naumkeag (Salem) in 1628. Giving place in 1630 to John Winthrop, he headed a sangui- nary expedition against the Indians in 1636, was deputy-governor in 1641-1644, 1650, and 1654, and govenior in 1644- 1649, 1650-1653, and 1655-1665. Endicott was an austere Puritan, choleric, benevo- lent, and brave. He died in Boston, March 15, 1665. ENDIVE, a composite plant, a native of Asia ; early cultivated in Egypt, used by the Greeks and Romans, and intro- duced into Great Britain some time be- fore A. D. 1548. It has a head of pale- blue flowers. There are two leading varieties, one with broad, ragged leaves, the other with leaves narrower and curled. The leaves, after being blanched to diminish their bitterness, are used in salads and stews.