Page:Collier's New Encyclopedia v. 04.djvu/438

GBAIN ELEVATOR 374 GRAMME simultaneously. With similar ends in view elevators are often built over freight railroad tracks, generally they have the track running alongside. Power shovels remove the grain from the car to the hoppers, whence the grain is carried upward to the topmost story to be submitted to the manipulation be- fore described in its journey through the various floors to its proper bins. The principle is similar in the transference of grain from vessels to railroad cars, and from railroad cars to vessels. The elevator legs are so placed on the water- side that they come in connection with the vessel's hatches. The larger kind of these elevators are made of concrete, but in the smaller kind wood is largely used, and steel, brick and tile enter large- ly into the construction. The bins are V-V. V DRIMIN6 £i ET GEAR. J fttZ. OAKNERS tV£l6HIN0 HOPP£/?i GRAIN ELEVATOR — CROSS SECTION usually of steel or concrete with the main building of brick, while the upper stories may be of steel frame. Floating elevators are used to facilitate the trans- fer of grain from vessels at different points in the dock. The largest elevator is at Montreal, Canada. The elevators in Chicago have a capacity for handling grain to the extent of over 50,000,000 bushels, the Armour Company having an elevator capable of handling 5,000,000 bushels. GRAINGER, PERCY ALDRIDGE, an Australian pianist and composer. He was born in Melbourne, Australia, in 1883, and studied music with his mother till the age of ten and then was educated at Frankfort-on-Main. He went to Lon- don when 17. His compositions for piano, voice, chorus, orchestra, and chamber music have laeen performed in many cities. His publications include: "British Folk-music Settings" (16 numbers) ; "Room-music Tit-bits" (3 numbers) ; "Kipling Settings" (5 numbers) ; "Father and Daughter," dance-ballad for chorus and orchestra; several songs and piano pieces; "Journal of the Folksong Soci- ety, No. 12." GRAIN PRODUCTION. See tables under Agriculture. GRAINS. (1) A residuum of fiber and insoluble matters after infusion or decoc- tion ; as the grains of malt after the wort is decanted. (2) A bating solution of birds' dung, used in destroying the ef- fect of lime, and in improving the flexi- bility of leather. (3) Pieces of sheet- metal, cast-iron, or tinned iron inserted into a mold for the purpose of supporting an accessory portion, such as a core, in position. GRAMMAR, the science which treats of the words of which language is com- posed, and of the laws by which it is governed. It is of two kinds, descriptive and comparative. Descriptive grammar classifies, arranges, and describes words as separate parts of speech, and notes the changes they undergo under certain conditions. Comparative grammar, which is based on the study of words, goes further; it analyzes and accounts for the changes they have undergone, and en- deavors to trace them back to their origin; it thus deals with the growth of language. GRAMME (gram), the standard unit of French measures of weight, and is the weight of a cubic centimeter of dis- tilled water at 0° Centigrade; the other weights have received names correspond- ing to the number of grammes they con- tain, or the number of times they are contained in a gramme. A gramme= 15.43248 grains troy, from which the equivalents in English measure for the other weights can easily be found; thus: Grains Pounds Troy. Avoirdupois Centigramme =: .1543234 = .0000220462 Decigramme = 1.543284 = .000220462 Gramme = 15.4.^234 = .00220462 Decagramme = 154(5234 = .0220462 Hectogramme=: 1543.234 = .220462 Kilogramraa = 154.^.2.34 = 2.20462 iIvriagramme= 154323.4 = 22.0462 Quintal(g.r.) = 1543234 = 220.462