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GUIANA 422 GUILD va's army, seized several fortresses, and succored besieged places along the coast. Their capture of Briel in April, 1572, was the beginning of the war which ter- minated in the independence of the Netherlands in 1648. GUIANA (ge-a'na), BBITISH, a British colony in the N. E. part of South America; bounded by Dutch Guiana, Brazil, Venezuela, and the At- lantic Ocean; area, 89,480 square miles; capital, Georgetown. The surface of the country is diversified with low savannahs near the coast and mountainous toward the S., the highest mountain being Mt. Roraima, 7,500 feet. The chief products are gold, sugar, molasses, balata, rum, and rice. There are railroads, stearn- ship communications with Great Britain and telegraph and telephone systems. Columbus is said to have discovered the Guianas in 1498. The Dutch made set- tlements in 1650 and the English in 1630. In 1804 the Guianas were divided be- tween the English, French, and Dutch, as they now stand. In 1895 there was trouble between Great Britain and Vene- zuela, concerning the Guiana boundary. Pop. (1918) 460,000. GUIANA, DUTCH, or SURINAM, a colony of the Netherlands in the N. E. part of South America; bounded by Brazil, British Guiana, French Guiana, and the Atlantic Ocean; area, 46,050 square miles; capital, Paramaribo. The surface is low along the coast, grad- ually increasing in elevation toward the mountains in the S. The prin- cipal products and exports are sugar, cocoa, bananas, coffee, rice, maize, rurn, molasses, and gold. There are public schools, savings banks, and steamship lines. In 1667 Dutch Guiana was ceded to the Netherlands by Great Britain in exchange for New Netherlands. It was held by the British in 1799-1802, and again in 1804-1816, when it was returned to the Netherlands with sev- eral other Dutch colonies. Pop. (1919) 167,827. GUICOIARDINI, FRANCESCO (gwe- char-de'ne), an Italian historian ; born in Florence, March 6, 1482. The combined studies of law and literature engrossed his attention at first; and at the age of 23 he was elected Professor of Law at Florence, where he also practiced as an advocate. His apprenticeship served in Spain (1512-1514), he became papal ruler of Modena and Reggio under Leo X. and Clement VII., and afterward of Parrna in 1521, the Romagna in 1523, and Bologna in 1531. Retiring from the service of the Pope in 1534, he was instrumental in securing the election of Cosmo de' Medici as duke of his native city, Florence. But, being disappointed in his ambitious design of acting as mayor of the palace to this young prince, Guicciardini withdrew to Arce- tri, and busied himself with the composi- tion of an analytical history of Italy be- tween 1494 and 1532. He died in Arce- tri, in May, 1540. GUIDO ARETINUS (gwe'd5 a-ri-tl' nus), or GUY OF AREZZO (a-ret'so), a French musician; born near Paris in 990; went to Arezzo as a Benedictine monk. He greatly influenced musical studies, and almost every discovery made in music for 150 years has been attrib- uted to him, including that of descant, counterpoint, and the spinet. He is said to have invented the principle on which the construction of the stave is based, and the hexachord, solmisation, and the "Harmonic or Guidonian Hand," a mnemonic method of indicating the order of the musical sounds on the finger- joints of the left hand. Guido left writ- ings explanatory of his musical doc- trines, especially the "Micrologus" and the "Antiphonarium." He died in Avel- lana in 1050. GUIDO RENI, an Italian painter; born in Calvenzano, Nov. 4, 1575. He studied under Calvaert, and entered the school of the Caracci. His earliest works, of which the "Coronation of the Virgin," in the National Gallery, Lon- don, is an example, are marred by rather harsh and violent coloring; but coming under the influence of Carava- ggio, he adopted many of the qualities of his art. About 1596 he settled in Rome, where he worked for some 20 years, adopting a graceful style, of which the famous "Aurora and the Hours," painted on the ceiling of the pavilion of the Rospigliosi Palace, is a typical example, as is also the "Na- tivity," in the choir of San Martino at Naples. He died at Bologna Aug. 18, 1642. GUIENNE (ge-enO, one of the old French provinces, comprehending the present departments of Gironde, Lot, Dordogne, Aveyron, with portions of Tarn-et-Garonne and Lot-et-Garonne. It formed with Gascony what was origi- nally the country of Aquitania, of which name Guienne is a corruption. GUILD, a society or body of individ- uals associated together for carrying on commerce, or some particular trade or business. There existed at Rome vari- ous fraternities of tradesmen, which bore a considerable resemblance to our modern guild, and were permitted to