Page:Collier's New Encyclopedia v. 05.djvu/188

INDRE-ET-LOIRE 148 INDULIN INDRE-ET-LOIRE (a>Z£(-dral-war'), a department of France, lying N. W. of the department of Indre. It is watered by the Loire, and by its tributaries, the Cher, the Indre, and the Vienne, all of them navigable. Of the products, which include an abundant yield of the ordi- nary bread stuffs, wine is the most im- portant. Chief towns: Tours, the cap- ital, Chinon, and Loches. Pop. about 350,000. INDUCED CURRENTS, electric cur- rents developed in conductors in proxim- ity to other conductors traversed by in- termittent or fluctuating currents; also, electric currents developed in conductors moving in the field of a magnet, or in conductors within the field of a nio'ing magnet. INDUCTION, the act of inducting or bringing in; introduction; a bringing in or putting into an office. In electricity, the action which electri- fied bodies exert at a distance on bodies in a natural state. An insulated con- ductor, charged with either kind of elec- tricity, so acts on bodies in a natural state placed near it as to decompose the neutral fluid, attracting the opposite kind of electricity, and repelling the same kind. In logic and philosophy, Whately (Logic, bk. iv., ch. i., §1) notes the am- biguity of this word, it being employed (a) to designate the process of investi- gation and collecting facts; and (b) the deducing of an inference from those facts. It is also loosely used in the sense of an inference from observed facts. In magnetism, the action which mag- netized bodies exert at a distance on bodies in a natural state. In natural science, a consequence, in- ference, or general principle drawn from a number of particular facts or phenom- ena. As Whewell says the inductive philosophy ascends from particular facts to general principles, and then descends again from these general principles to particular applications. Coefficient of magnetic induction is a coefiicient expressing the ratio of the in- tensity of the induced magnetization to the intensity of the field. _ INDUCTION BALANCE, a modifica- tion of the microphone. Its object is to measure the differences in the molecular constitution of metallic bodies. A milli- gram of copper on an iron wire finer than the human hair has been detected, and its exact value ascertained, by this delicate instrument. In its present form it consists of two flat coils, about 4 inches in diameter and V2 inch in thickness, of insulated copper wire, battery, condenser, circuit, and telephone. INDUCTION COIL, in electrical ma- chinery, a contrivance which consists es- sentially of two separate coils of insu- lated wire wound round a soft iron core. INDULGENCE, in Roman Catholic theology, a remission of the punishment which is still due to sin after sacramental absolution, the remission being valid in the court of conscience and before God, and being made by an application of the treasure of the Church on the part of a lawful superior. Indulgence may be either (1) Plenary, remitting the whole, or (2) Partial, remitting a portion of the temporal punishment due to sin. The former are granted by the Pope to the whole Church; the latter by pri- mates, metropolitans, and bishops within their respective jurisdiction. The Coun- cil of Trent ordains that indulgences must be given everywhere gratis. Canonical penances in the early Church were very severe, and, in times of persecution, it was the custom of mar- tyrs awaiting death to give weaker brethren, who had lapsed or been guilty of other grievous sin, a letter {libellus paois) to the bishop, asking that he might be restored. Urban II. granted plenary indulgence in the Council of Clermont to those who should go at their own expense on the then contemplated Crusade. In the 9th century Pascal I. and John VIII. bestowed indulgences on the souls of those who had died fighting for the Church. In 1300 they were sold over Europe in connection Vv^ith the Jubi- lee. Early in the 16th century they were farmed out, the farmers employing agents to retail them to the people at a profit. These subordinates puffed their wares without much attention to theolog- ical precision. One of these, John Tet- zel, a Dominican friar, so filled Luther with indignation as to lead him, on Oct. 31, 1517, to affix theses on that and cog- nate subjects to the door of the Cathe- dral Church of Wittenberg and thus com- mence the Reformation. INDULIN, a term applied commer- cially to a series of aniline colors, ob- tained by treating the bases of magenta refuse with aniline and acetic acid. There are two kinds of indulin, the one soluble in alcohol, the other in water. Spirit-soluble indulin dyes wool, silk, and cotton different shades of blue or gray. The water-soluble indulins dye fabrics light and dark shades of gray, even approaching black; but the blacks are not satisfactory either in color or durability.