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JEDDA 244 JEFFERSON JEDDA, the port of Mecca, Arabia, On June 15, 1858, the fanatic Moham- medans massacred 26 of the Christian in- habitants, among them the English and French consuls and part of their fam- ilies ; but many fled to the shipping. On the delay of justice. Commodore Pullen, with the "Cyclops," bombarded the town. On Aug. 6, 11 of the assassins were exe- cuted; the ringleaders afterward. JEDDO. See TOKYO. JEFFERIES, JOHN RICHARD, gen- erally known as Richard Jefferies, an English writer on rural subjects; born in Wiltshire, Nov. 6, 1848. He started life as a journalist on the staff of the "North Wilts Herald" about 1866, and won his first real success with "The Gamekeeper at Home"; describing rural life and the observations of a nature lov- er. Other books written in the same vein, or on similar subjects, are "Wild Life in a Southern County" (1879); "The Amateur Poacher" (1880) ; "Round about a Great Estate" (1881); "Nature near London" (1883); "Life of the Fields" (1884) ; "Red Deer" (1884) ; and "The Open Air" (1885). The book en- titled "The Story of My Heart" (1883) is a strange autobiography of inner life. Jefferies possessed a wonderful insight into the habits and ways of animals and birds and creeping things, and a great love for nature. He died in Goring in Sussex, A-^. 14, 1887. JEFFERSON, a river in Montana, about 200 miles long. It is formed by the union of the Beaver Head and Wis- dom (or Big Hole) rivers in Madison CO. It unites with the Madison and Gal- latin to form the Missouri. JEFFERSON, CHARLES EDWARD, an American clergyman and writer, born in Cambridge, Ohio, in 1860. He was graduated from the Ohio Wesleyan Uni- versity in 1882 and after teaching school for several years he entered the Congre- gational ministry in 1887 and for ten years following was pastor of the Cen- tral Church, Chelsea, Mass. In 1898 he was chosen pastor of the Broadway Tabernacle in New York City. He wrote much on religious and social subjects. His writings include "Doctrine and Deed" (1902); "The Minister as Proph- et" (1905); "The Old Year and the New" (1907) ; "The Cause of the War" (1914); "A Fire in the Snow" (W16) ; "Forefathers' Day Sermons" (1917). JEFFERSON, JOSEPH, an American comedian; born in Philadelphia, Pa., Feb. 20, 1829. He came of a theatrical stock, his great-grandfather having been a member of Garrick's company at Drury Lane, while his father and grand- father were well known American act' ors. Jefferson first appeared on the stage at the age of three, as the child in "Pizarro," and a year later gave an imi- tation of "Jim Crow" Rice. For many years he went through the hard training of a strolling actor, and then played in New York, where in 18&7 he made a hit as Doctor Pangloss, and in 1858 created the part of Asa Tren- chard in "Our American Cousin," South- ern playing Lord Dundreary. In 1865 he visited London, and at the Adelphi Theater played for the first time his world-famous part of Rip Van Winkle, Sept. 4, 1865. With this character his name is identified, though he showed himself as a supreme artist as Bob Acres in "The Rivals" and in other fine old English comedies. He died April 28, 1905. JEFFERSON, THOMAS, an American statesman, 3d President of the United THOMAS JEFFERSON States; born in Shadwell, Va., April 2, 1743. He received a liberal education for that time, graduating at William and Mary College in 1764. He was admitted to the bar in 1767. In 1769 he was sent to the Virginia House of Burgesses, where he gained local fame by a speech supporting the emancipation of slaves. In 1774 the Burgesses were dissolved by Lord Dunmore, the governor, but met on their own responsibility, and sent dele- gates to the Colonial Congress. Jeffer- son being elected but unable to go, sent a "Summary View of the Rights of British North America," for which he was near- , ly attainted of treason in Parliament.