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JURY MAST 298 JUSTICE OF THE PEACE sorted to in cases of too great importance to be decided by a petit jury. In Scot- land the number of the jury in criminal cases is 15, and the verdict is deter- mined by the voice of the majority. The establishment of proper jury trials seems to have been under Henry II., late in the 12th century. It was well rooted in the time of King John, and is insisted on in Magna Charta, as the great bulwark of liberty. Also a body of men selected to award prizes at public shows, exhibitions, etc. To hang a jury, to cause a disagreement of opinion and prevent the return of a verdict. JURY MAST, a temporary mast erected in place of one that has been carried away, or for navigating a vessel to a place where the permanent equip- ment of masting and rigging is fur- nished; the temporary rig is termed jury rig. JUSSERAND, JEAN ADRIEN AN- TOINE JULES, a French diplomat and author. He was born in Lyon in 1855, and was educated at the Facultes of JUSSERAND Lyon and of Paris. He entered the French Foreign Office in 1876 and be- came^ Councillor of the Embassy at Lon- don m 1887, remaining at the British capital till 1890. In 1898 he became Minister at Copenhagen, and has been French Ambassador at Washington since 1902. His literary works include: "Eng- lish Wayfaring Life in the Middle Ages"; "English Novel in the Time of Shakespeare"; "A French Ambassador at the Court of Charles II."; "Histoire litteraire du peuple anglais"; "Piers Plowman"; "English Essays From a French Pen"; "A Literary History of the English People"; "The Romance of a King's Life"; "Shakespeare in France"; "Les Sports et Jeux d'exercise dans I'ancienne France"; "Ronsard"; "With Americans of Past and Present Days." JUST, ST., LOUIS ANTOINE DE (sang zhiist), a French author and revo- lutionist; born near Nevers, France, Aug. 25, 1767. When the revolution broke out he became one of its most fiery advocates. In 1791 he brought out his "Spirit of the Revolution and Constitu- tion of France," and was chosen repre- sentative of the department of Aisne in the Convention. While in Paris, he was among those who sternly advocated, and voted for, the death of Louis XVI. St. Just was conspicuous in attacking the Girondins and was associated with Robe- spierre. His name is identified with the bloodiest days of The Terror. In 1794 he was chosen president of the Conven- tion, and drafted the report which sent his political opponents, Danton, Herbert, and others, to the scaffold. After the dawn of a reaction in popular feeling, and rise of the moderates St. Just was seized, with his colleague Robespierre (q.v.) and guillotined, July 27, 1794. JUSTICE, LORD CHIEF, the title given to the chief judge of the Queen's (or King's) Bench Division of the High Court of Justice; formerly given also to the chief judge of the Common Pleas. He of the Queen's (or King's) Bench was, and still is, Lord Chief-justice of England; and on him were conferred, in 1881, the powers of the Lord Chief-jus- tice of Common Pleas, that division of the court being abolished. Puisne (i. e., lesser or ordinary) judges in all divi- sions of the high court bear the title of justice. JUS'TICE OF THE PEACE, a public officer invested with judicial powers for the purpose of preventing breaches of the peace, and bringing to punishment those who have violated the law. These officers, under the Constitutions of the United States and some of the States, are appointed by the executive; in others they are elected by the people and com- missioned by the executive. In some States they hold their office during good behavior; in others, for a limited period. At common law, justices of the peace have a double power in relation to the