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MANNERING 107 MANOMETER MANNERING, MARY, an actress, born in 1876, in London, first appeared at Manchester in 1892. Came to New York in 1896, and at Buffalo, N. Y., four years later scored her first success in "Janice Meredith." She married James K. Hackett, and later F. E. Wadsworth. She retired from the stage in 1912. MANNES, DAVID, an American vio- linist; born in New York 1866. He took up the violin very early and without any teaching he soon showed his remarkable talent. Later, after he had some instruc- tion, he played in various New York orchestras, going in the summers to study under some of the noted European violinists, especially Ysaye. In 1891 Walter Damrosch engaged him for the New York Symphony Orchestra and since that time he has taken his place as one of the leading violinists of Amer- ica. In 1910 he became director of the Music school settlement in which he had always been greatly interested. He took a large part, also, in founding a Musical School Settlement for Colored People in 1912. MANNHEIM, a town and capital of the former grand-duchy of Baden, circle of the Lower Rhine, at the conflu- ence of the Neckar and the Rhine, 37 miles S. E. of Mayence. The principal public buildings are the palace, contain- ing museums of antiquities, natural his- tory, etc., and a library of 80,000 volumes; the observatory, a noble build- ing, with a curious tower 108 feet in height, and the custom house; manufac- tures tinsel ware, carpets, linen, and silk goods, tobacco, ribbons, shawls, etc. Its neighborhood produces hops and garden stuff in large quantities, and besides its traffic in cattle and agricul- tural products, it has a considerable tran- sit trade by the Rhine and the Neckar. Pop. about 200,000. MANNING, HENRY EDWARD, an English clergyman and writer; born in Totteridge, Hertfordshire, July 15, 1808. Originally a clergyman of the Church of England, in which he rose to be Arch- deacon of Chichester (1840), he became a Roman Catholic priest in 1851; Arch- bishop of Westminster in 1865; cardinal in 1875. He founded the Roman Cath- olic University of Kensington in 1874. He was a friend of the laboring classes. He wrote: "Unity of the Church" (1842) ; "Temporal Mission of the Holy Ghost" (3d ed. 1877) ; "The Catholic Church and Modern Society" (1880) ; "The Eternal Priesthood" (1883) ; "Religio Viatoris" (A Traveler's Religion) ; etc. He died in Westminster, Jan. 14, 1892. MANNING, WILXIAM THOMAS, an American Protestant Eniscopal clergv- man, born in 1866. He graduated from the University of the South in 1893 was ordamed deacon in 1889 and priest in 1891, served as rector in Redlands, Cal., in 1892, and as profesor of dogmatic theology at the University of the South in 1893-1895. After serving as rector of several parishes he was appointed as- sistant rector and then rector of Trinity parish. New York, in 1908. On Jan. 26, 1921, he was elected Protestant Epis- copal bishop of New York to succeed Charles S. Burch, deceased. MANNITE, in chemistry, CoH.Oe^ CdHj (0H)«. Mannitol, sugar of manna, sugar of mushrooms. A sugar very disseminated in the vegetable kingdom, occurring in the leaves of Ligustrum vidgare, in numerous bulbs, in fungi, In seaweeds, in the sap of the apple and cherry trees, limes, etc. It is most readily obtained from manna by treating it with boiling alcohol, filtering, and al- lowing the alcoholic solution to crystal- lize. From alcohol it crystallizes in fine silky needles ; from water in large trans- parent rhombic prisms. It has an in- tensely sweet taste, is soluble in cold water, vei-y soluble in boiling water, but insoluble in ether. It melts between 160" and 170°, and boils at 200°, distilling with very little decomposition. It may be prepared artificially from grape sugar by the action of hydrogen. MANCEUVRES, or MANEUVERS, the movements and evolutions of any large body of troops or fleet of ships, for the purpose of testing the efficiency of the various bodies of the service under the conditions of actual warfare, and for the purpose of instructing officers in tactics, and officers and men in their various duties. MANOGRAPH, a device for indicating the varying pressure in an engine cylin- der, when the pressure changes with a cyclically varying volume. It is used chiefly on high-speed engines and inter- nal-combustion motors. MANOMETER, an instrument for measuring the elastic force of gases or steam. It consists of a gi-aduated tube in which a body of confined air is com- pressed by the gas or steam under ex- perimental test, a body of mercury inter- vening between the air in the tube and the gas or steam whose elastic force is to be ascertained. The tube containing the confined air, of a certain volume at a given temperature, is maintained at the said temperature by a bath, and is tested for the graduation of the tube by means