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SIABK 127 MAKL tered Rome, and the bloody proscriptions which have consigned the name of Marius to infamy, now took place. Caius Marius now served as consul for the sev- enth time, with his new ally; and the same year, 86 B. C, he died. MARK, the evangelist whose name is prefixed to the second Gospel. He was almost certainly the same as the "John whose surname was Mark," mentioned in Acts xii: 12, 25. The name John was Jewish; Mark (Marcus) was Roman. John Mark's mother lived at Jerusalem, her house being a resort of Christians (Acts xii: 12). He was nephew, cousin, or other relative of Barnabas (Col. iv: 10). On the first missionary journey of Paul and Barnabas, he went as their min- ister, but, while they were at Perga, left them, and returned to Jerusalem (Acts Kii: 25; xiii: 13). Paul considered him rickle, but ultimately Mark gained anew the good opinion of the apostle, and at- tended on him during his final imprison- ment (Col. iv: 10; Phil. 24). We read of him as being with Peter "at Babylon" (I Pet. v: 13). Afterward Paul desired his return to Rome (II Tim. iv: 11). Tradi- tion is scanty and contradictory as to his subsequent career. The Gospel according to St. Mark: The second of the Gospels, almost universally attributed to the John Mark of this arti- cle. The writer was evidently a Jew, oc » at least familiar with Judea; but his Gospel was specially designed for the Gentiles. Except in recording the dis- courses of Jesus, he nowhere shows that any incident narrated fulfilled Old Testa- ment prophecy, and the term "law," in the sense of the Mosaic law, nowhere oc- curs. Statements likely to give offense to the Gentiles are also omitted (see Matt, x: 5, 6, and Mark vi: 7-11). His Gospel seems to have been written at Rome, though there are a few suffrages in favor of Alexandria. If addressed especially to any Gentile nationality, it was to the Romans. Mark records the miracles more than the discourses of Jesus. His style is more precise and graphic than that of the other evangelists. The lan- guage approaches more closely to that of Matthew than to that of Luke. The last 12 verses of Mark (xvi: 9-20) are of doubtful authenticity. External testi- mony is perhaps slightly in their favor, but internal evidence is strongly against them; hence, in the Revised Version, they are separated by an interval from the rest of the book. MABE, a Pope and saint, succeeded Sylvester I. in 336, and died the same year. There passed under his name an epistle addressed to St. Athanasius. MARK, a silver coin of Germany. MARKETS. See Food. MARKHAM, (CHARLES) EDWIN, an American poet; bom in Oregon City, Ore., April 23, 1852; settled in California in 1857, and worked there during boy- hood principally as a blacksmith. He worked his way through the Sa^ Jose Normal School and Santa Rosa uollege; became a writer of verse and stories for papers and magazines, and principal and superintendent of California schools. He was the author of "The Man with the Hoe, and Other Poems" (1899); "The Man with the Hoe, with Notes by the Author" (1900); "The End of the Cen- tury" (poem 1899); "Lincoln, the Great Commoner" (1900); "The Mighty Hun- dred Years"; "Lincoln and Other Poems" (1901); "The Poetry of Jesus" (essays) (1909); "The Shoes of Happiness and Other Poems" (1914); "California the Wonderful" (1914). MARKHAM, SIR CLEMENTS ROB- ERT, an English geographer; born in Stillingfleet, England, July 20, 1830. He accompanied an Arctic expedition in 1851 ; visited Peru in 1852-1854; visited Peru and India as commissioner to introduce cinchona plants into the latter country in 1860; was secretary of the Royal Geo- graphical Society in 1863-1868; accom- panied the Abyssinian expedition in 1867- 1868. He wrote: "Travels in Peru and India" (1862); "History of the Abyssin- ian Expedition" (1869); "History of Peru" (1892); "Richard III" (1906); "The Incas of Peru" (1910). He edited a number of reprints of works on South America for the Hakluyt Society, and. for several years, the "Geographical Magazine." He was president of the Royal Geographical Society and of the International Geographical Congress (1894-1899), and was created a K. C. B. in 1896. He died in 1916. MARK TWAIN. See CLEMENS, Samuel Langhorne. MARL, a mixture, naturally existing, of clay, and carbonate of lime. Marls are found in very different geological forma- tions, but everywhere seem to owe their origin to deposition by water. The name is sometimes applied to friable clays, or mixtures of clay and sand, in which there is almost no trace of lime; but the pres- ence of a notable proportion of carbonate of lime is essential to marls, properly so called. This proportion varies from 6 to 20 per cent. Marly soils are in general of great natural fertility. Marl is very advantageously used as a manure; act- ing both chemically and mechanically;