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MILFORD HAVEN 225 MILITARY COURTS electric light and street railroad plants, and daily and weekly newspapers. There are manufactories of shoes, shoe thread, boot and shoe trees, straw goods, shoe cement, cement, foundry products, ma- chinery, bone cutters, rubber goods, etc., and granite quarries. Milford was in- corporated April 11, 1780; includes the village of North Milford ; and is the trade center for a large farming and manu- facturing section. Pop. (1910) 13,055; .(1920) 13,471. MILFORD HAVEN", FIRST MAR- QUESS OF, Admiral Louis Alexander Mountbatten, Personal Aid-de-Camp to the King of England. Born at Gratz, Austria, in May, 1854. Married his cousin. Princess Alice, daughter of Queen Victoria. Became naturalized British subject. Entered the navy in 1868. Rose to Commodore in 1902. Served in the Egyptian War of 1882. Di- rector of Naval Intelligence 1902-1905, Rear-Admiral 1904. Commanded Chief Atlantic Squadron 1908-1910. Second Sea Lord 1911-1912. First Sea Lord 1912-1914, Resigned his German titles at the King's request in 1917, assuming the surname of Mountbatten and cre- ated a peer. MILITARISM, a term principally used in reference to the policy of main- taining great standing armies. The de- velopment of militarism in Europe was the basic cause of the World War. MILITARY ACADEMY, UNITED STATES. See UNITED STATES MILITARY Academy. MILITARY AERONAUTICS. See Aeronautics. MILITARY COURTS, commonly called "courts-martial," are courts established for the maintenance of discipline and the administration of justice in the mili- tary and naval forces. In the United States such courts derive their authority from those provisions of the Constitu- tion which, first, designate the Presi- dent as "Commander-in-Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States," and, second, empower Congress to "raise and support armies," to "provide and maintain a navy" and to "make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces." Military law, by which courts-martial are governed, draws its provisions from several sources, of which the following are the most important: 1. The statutory codes established by legislative enactment. The code governing the army is knovm as "The Articles of War." That govern- ing the navy is entitled "An Act for the Government of the Navy." Both of these codes are based upon an English code of very early origin but with many modifications, all in the direction of re- duced severity. 2. Other laws passed by Congress from time to time, dealing with new questions growing out of changed conditions. 3. The "Army Regulations" and "Navy Regulations" issued by the Secretaries of War and the Navy under the authority of the President. 4. Such "General and Special Orders" as are issued from time to time by the Secretaries of War and the Navy. 5. The "Customs of the Service" as these have been developed through a long series of years, including the code of ethics recognized as defining conduct becoming "an officer and a gentleman." Courts-martial are of several kinds with varying degrees of jurisdiction and varying degrees of power as to the sentences which they may award. The highest of these is the General Court-martial, which deals with all offenses charged against commissioned officers and with serious charges against enlisted men. For lesser offenses, en- listed men are brought before a Summary Court, of comparatively limited authority. For dealing with cases still less serious, the army has the Regimental and Ga^^ rison Courts, and the navy the Deck Court. A general court-martial must be com- posed of not more than thirteen members, nor fewer than five. The senior officer is president of the court, with wide dis- cretionary powers as to procedure, but with only one vote as to the finding and sentence. Whenever practicable all offi- cers of the court must be senior to the officer to be tried. An officer, usually selected for his knowledge of law, is appointed as prosecutor, with the title "Judge-Advocate." The person on trial may be represented by counsel and if he fails to avail himself of this privilege, the court usually appoints some officer to act in this capacity. In cases where for any reason no counsel is available, the regulations provide that the judge- advocate shall assist the defendant (tech- nically "the accused"), in any way pos- sible. Even when a counsel is present, the court guards the rights of the accused as jealously as those of the government — the first aim of a court-martial being to arrive at the truth. While the rules of evidence recognized by courts-martial are practically identical with those of civil courts, the technicalities which so often clog the wheels of civil courts receive scant attention from courts-martial ex-