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MONMOUTH 280 MONOCLINIC SYSTEM tellus; the silver-haired monkey, La- gothrix humboldtii; and the spider mon- keys, the genus Ateles. (3) Plural: The mammalian order Quadrumana (g. v.). The strepsirhine monkeys are the lemurs, the platyrhine monkeys are confined to America, and the catarhine monkeys are found only in the Old World. MONMOUTH, a city and county-seat of Warren co., 111.; on the Minneapolis and St. Louis, Rock Island Southern, and the Burlington Route railroads; 179 miles S. W. of Chicago. It contains Monmouth College (Unit. Presb.), the Warren County Library, a business college, high school, waterworks, gas and electric lights, street railroads, daily and weekly newspapers, and several National banks. It has manufactories of sewer pipe, cigars, soap, agricultural implements, and one of the most extensive crockery- ware plants in the United States. Pop. (1910) 9,128; (1920) 8,116. MONMOUTH, the county town of Monmouthshire, England. Its chief features are the ruined castle of John of Gaunt, in which Henry V. was born; the parish church, dating from the 14th century, and restored in 1882, with a graceful spire 200 feet high; the bridge over the Monnow (1272), with its "Welsh gate," and near it a small Nor- man chapel; a fragment of a Benedictine priory, with "Geoffrey of Monmouth's study"; the new town hall, built in 1888, and a grammar school (1614). Pop. about 5,500. MONMOUTH, BATTLE OF, an en- gagement between the American forces under General Washington, and the Brit- ish under Sir Henry Clinton, near Free- hold, Monmouth co., N. J., June 28, 1778. General Washington, having overtaken the British forces which had previously evacuated Philadelphia for the purpose of embarking at Sandy Hook, ordered the advance, under General Charles Lee, to attack the enemy. The Americans were at first successful, but from some unknown cause they were seized with a panic, and fell back to the main body. General Washington, with the latter suc- ceeded in rallying the fugitives, and re- pulsed the British. The American loss was 69 killed and 160 wounded; that of the British, nearly 300 killed and 100 prisoners, including the wounded. MONMOUTH COLLEGE, a coeduca- tional institution in Monmouth, 111.; founded in 1856 under the auspices of the United Presbyterian Church; re- ported at the close of 1919: Professors and instructors 26; students, 254; presi- dent, T. H. McMichael, D. D. MONMOUTH, JAMES FITZBOY, DUKE OF. a natural son of Charles II. of England; born in Rotterdam, April 9, 1649. At the age of 14 he was created Duke of Monmouth, and two years later was made Master of the Horse. He was concerned in various plots which had for their object the exclusion of the Duke of York from the crown; and he was, in consequence, ordered by Charles to quit the kingdom. On the accession of James II,, being urged to the act by some of his partisans, he left Holland and landed at Lyme, with scarcely 100 followers (June, 1685), but their numbers were soon increased, and he assumed at Taunton the title of king and asserted the legitimacy of his birth. The royal forces were sent against him, and an engage- ment took place at Sedgmoor, near Bridgewater, July 6. The rebels were defeated, and the duke himself was made prisoner. He nobly refused to betray his accomplices, and conducted himself with much firmness on the scaffold, where his head was severed from his body, after four unsuccessful blows, July 15, 1685. MONMOUTHSHIRE, county in Eng- land, formerly part of Wales, bounded on the S. by the Bristol Channel. Area, 545 square miles; mountainous, and watered by the Usk, Wye, and Monnow. Has large collieries, and agricultural products include wheat and barley, Welsh still largely spoken. Capital, Monmouth ; chief city, Newport. Pop. about 400,000. MONOCHORD, in music, an ancient ins{;rument with one string which was playea as a guitar; it grew into a mani- chord, in which numerous strings were played by quills. Also a single string streched across a board or soundboard, under which a movable bridge can be moved at pleasure. By placing under the string a diagram of the proportionate lengths of string required for the pro- duction of just intervals, the ear can be trained. The results obtained from it were called the harmonical canon. It is said to have been invented by Pyth- agoras. MONOCHROME, a painting executed in a single color, but relieved by light and shade. A drawing in chiaro-oscuro is a monochrome, whether in black and white, or in any color and white. The silhouette is not a monochrome, though > executed in a single color. MONOCLINIC SYSTEM, in mineral- ogy and crystallography, having two of the axial intersections rectangular and one oblique; having the lateral axes at right angles to one another, one of them,