Montagu of Boughton was Sir Henry Montagu, the famous lawyer and orator, who was Lord Chief-Justice, and created Lord Montagu of Kimbolton, and afterward Earl of Manchester. His son (2d earl) was a general in the parliamentary army, who gained distinction by his victory over Prince Rupert at Marston Moor, but subsequently gave in his adhesion to Charles II. on his restoration. The 4th Earl of Manchester was an enthusiastic follower of William III., fighting with him at the battle of the Boyne, and taking part in the siege of Limerick; he was eventually created Duke of Manchester in 1719 by George I. His descendant, the 8th duke, succeeded to the dukedom in 1890. The sixth son of Baron Edward Montagu of Boughton was Sir Sydney Montagu, whose son, Edward, was a considerable mathematician, and serving first in the army, then in the navy, became the first sole commander of the English navy, and was created by Charles II. Lord Montagu of St. Neots, Viscount Hinchinbroke, and Earl of Sandwich. His descendant, the 8th earl, succeeded in 1884.
MONTAGU, LADY MARY WORTLEY, an English author; the eldest daughter of Evelyn, Duke of Kingston; born in Thoresby, Nottinghamshire, England, about 1689. In 1712 she married Edward Wortley Montagu, whom she accompanied in 1716 on his embassy to Constantinople, from which place she wrote “Letters” to Pope, Addison, and others. She also first introduced the practice of inoculation for smallpox into England. Her “Letters” place her at the head of female epistolary writers in Great Britain. She died in England, Aug. 21, 1762.
MONTAGU, MRS. (ELIZABETH ROBINSON), an English social leader; born in York, England, Oct. 2, 1720. She married Edward Montagu, grandson of the 1st Earl of Sandwich. Her residence in Portman Square was the meeting place of the celebrated “Blue-Stocking Club” (origin of this famous term). Among her visitors and associates were Burke, Garrick, Sir Joshua Reynolds, etc. She wrote three of Lord Lyttelton's “Dialogues of the Dead” (4th ed. 1765); “Letters” (1809). She died in London, Aug. 25, 1800.
MONTAGU, RT. HON. EDWIN SAMUEL, British statesman; born 1879. Under-Secretary of State under Lord Morley, 1910. Chancellor of the Duchy, 1915. Minister of Munitions in the first coalition government, and retired with Asquith, being succeeded in office by Lloyd George. Secretary for India in 1817 after the resignation of Austen Chamberlain. He visited India and in company with the viceroy investigated political conditions to prepare a system of self-government for the people of the country. A joint report on Indian Constitutional reforms was issued in 1918. Secretary for India 1919.
MONTAGUE, a town in Massachusetts which includes several villages of which the most important is Turners Falls. It is in Franklin co. on the Connecticut river and on the Boston and Maine, the New York, New Haven and Hartford, and the Central Vermont railroads. The town contains three public libraries, a hospital, and has important manufactures of cotton goods, paper, cutlery, silks, etc. At Turners Falls is a power plant which distributes power to the surrounding communities. Pop. (1910) 6,866; (1920) 7,675.
MONTAIGNE (mông-täny′), MICHEL, SEIGNEUR, a French essayist; born in Château of Montaigne, Dordogne, France, Feb. 28, 1533. He was taught Latin from his cradle, and till he was six years of age was not permitted to hear any other language. He was then sent to the college of Guienne, at Bordeaux, where he remained seven years, having in that time gone through the whole college course. In 1554 he was appointed a judge in the Parliament of Bordeaux. In 1569 he married. During the civil wars he lived in retirement on his own estate. In 1580-1581 he traveled in Germany, Switzerland, and Italy, visited Rome, and was presented to the Pope. He was elected mayor of Bordeaux; and he held that office four years. The pestilence and the war of the League drove him from his château in 1586; and he did not return for two years. It was during this period that his friendship with Marie de Gournay began. She was attracted to him by his writings; Montaigne called her his adopted daughter. Montaigne's “Essays” (1588) rank among the few great books of the world. They have been translated into almost all languages. During the last few years of his life he suffered from most painful diseases, but he would have nothing to do with doctors or drugs. He died Sept. 13, 1592.
MONTALEMBERT (mông-tä-long-bār′), CHARLES FORBES RENÉ, COMTE DE, a French publicist; born in London, England, May 29, 1810. His father was a French émigré, his mother English. Till 1819 Montalembert's education was carried on in England; but it was concluded in Paris. At the age of
