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MONTPELLIER 295 MONTREAL of Vermont, on the Winooski river, and on the Wells River, the Central Vermont, and the Montpelier and Wells River rail- roads; 40 miles S. E. of Burlington. It has waterworks, electric light and street railway plants. National banks, art gal- leries, libraries, and many other impor- tant public buildings, and daily news- papers. It has industries in granite, hardware, saddlery, cotton goods, and sawmill machinery, and an assessed val- uation of $5,000,000. Montpelier was made the State capital in 1805, and re- ceived its charter as a city in 1894. Pop. (1910) 7,856; (1920) 7,125. MONTPELLIER (mow^r-pel-lya'), chief town of the department of Herault, in France; on the Lez; 80 miles W, N. W. of Marseilles. It is one of the hand- somest towns of the S. of France. Among its noteworthy features are the Peyrou, a splendid promenade, on which is the so-called Chateau d'Eau, at the termination of a noble aqueduct; the cit- adel; the cathedral; the Palais de Justice and the Porte de Peyrou. Montpellier since the 12th century has been famous for its school of medicine, founded by Arab physicians driven out of Spain. Fop. about 80,000. MONTPELLIER, UNIVERSITY OF, a university of France. In the 12th cen- tury a medical college was established which had a higher reputation than any other in Europe except Salerno, and even in modem times medicine has continued to be its chief faculty. A university of law was added in 1160 and the study of Roman law, then just beginning in Eu- rope, was first conducted by an Italian, Placentinus. In the 13th century a uni- versity of theology was founded at Mont- pellier by the Carthusian order of friars. The golden age of the university was in this century, although its medical faculty remained famous until modern times. The university was reorganized by Na- poleon I. The library contains 100,000 volumes. In 1913 its enrollment num- bei'ed 1,958 students. MONTPENSIER, ANTOINE MARIE PHILIPPE LOUIS D'ORLfiANS, DUG DE, 5th son of Louis Philippe, king of the French; born in Paris, July 31, 1824. He was educated at the college of Henry IV., and was appointed lieutenant of ai'- tillery in 1842. Montpensier was sent to Algeria in 1844, participated in the expe- dition against Biskara, and was wounded during the campaign of Ziban. His serv- ices were rewarded with the cross of the Legion of Honoi', and promotion to the rank of chef d'escadron. After visiting England in 1845, the duke rejoined the army in Africa, and distinguished him- self against the Kabyles. He married, at Madrid, in 1846. the Infanta Maria Louisa, sister of Queen Isabella II. of Spain. After the revolution of 1848, the duke finally settled in Seville, Spain. Montpensier, after receiving the title of Infant of Spain, was made captain-gen- eral of the Spanish army in 1859. His eldest daughter, Princess Maria, was married in 1864 to her cousin, the Count of Paris, heir-male of the royal house of Orleans. After the flight of Isabella II. from Spain in 1868. the duke was pro- posed as a candidate for the crown. In 1878 his third daughter, Mercedes, be- came the wife of King Alfonso XII. of Spain. Montpensier died near Seville, Spain, Feb. 4, 1890. MONTREAL, the metropolitan city of Canada; on an island of the same name, in the Province of Quebec, at the head of ocean navigation on the St. Lawrence river; 160 miles N. of Quebec. The city, originally called Ville Marie, derives its present name from Mount Royal, which rises abruptly to a height (at the Ob- servatory) of 735 feet above low water in the river which runs at its base, and upon the lower slopes and terraces of which a large section of the city is built. The St. Lawrence in front of Montreal averages about 2 miles in width and is crossed at the narrowest point by the Victoria Jubilee Bridge I'/s miles in length and 60 feet high in the middle. The river is also crossed by the Lachine bridge of the Canadian Pacific Railway near the city. A fine natural harbor for ocean-going ships has been greatly im- proved by extensive dredging and gigan- tic works and improving the wharfage accommodations. The ship channel be- tween Montreal and Quebec has been dredged to a depth of 27 feet at an ex- pense of about $5,500,000. Montreal is the terminus of ocean navigation by the Lachine Rapids about 7 miles above the city, which are navigable downward only by small steamers. These rapids are overcome for inland navigation by the Lachine canal 8^/4 miles in length, with a rise of 45 feet, the first of the extensive system of St. Lawrence canals. Municipal Improvements. — The topog- raphy of Montreal has facilitated the construction of a fine system of water- works deficient only in the matter of filtration; the main reservoir with a ca- pacity of 36,500,000 gallons being situ- ated 200 feet above the level of the river and a higher level reservoir 210 feet higher affording a high pressure service available for fire protection to the high- est buildings in the city. The supply is obtained from the Ottawa river. The