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NEWELL 427 NEWFOUNDLAND NEWELL, PETER, American illus- trator; born in McDonough co., 111., in 1862. He first worked as a photographer, and made crayon portraits at Jackson- ville, 111. Later he came to New York and studied at the Art Students' League, making his home at Leonia, N. J. Here he began the quaint humorous illustra- tions for periodicals which first brought him notice. Among the popular books he wrote and illustrated are: "Topseys and Turveys" (1893-1894); "Peter Newell's Pictures and Rhymes" (1899) j The Hole Book" (1908) ; "Jungle Jangle" (1909) ; "Slant Book" (1910); "Rocket Book" (1912) ; etc. Mr. Newell also illustrated books by Mark Twain, Frank Stockton, and J. K. Bangs. NEWELL, ROBERT HENRY ("Ob- PHEUS C. Kerr"), an American humor- ist; bom in New York City in 1836. He was connected with the New York "Mercury" and "World," and was editor of "Hearth and Home" from 1874 to 1876. Among his works are: "The Or- pheus C. Kerr Papers" (1862-1868); "The Palace Beautiful, and Other Poems" (1864); "The Cloven Foot," a travesty of Dickens's "Edwin Drood" (1870); "Versatilities" (1871); "There Was Once a Man" (1884). He died in Brooklyn, N. Y., in August, 1901. NEW ENGLAND, a collective name given to the six Eastern States of the United States of America, Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont. Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut, embrac- ing an area of 66,400 square miles. The area of New England is one-fiftieth of the total area of the United States. NEW FOREST, a triangular district of southwest Hampshire, England, 9 miles S. W= of Southampton, bounded W. by the river Avon, S. by the Solent and English channel, and N. E. by South- ampton Water. It measures about 14 by 16 miles, and has an extreme area of 144 square miles, or 92,365 acres, of which, however, only 64,232 belong to the crown. The district seems to have been wooded from the earliest times; its present name dates from 1079, when the Conqueror here made a "mickle deer- frith," and cleared away several ham- lets. This afforestation, enforced by the savage "Forest laws," was regarded as an act of the greatest cruelty; and the violent deaths met by two of his sons, Richard and William Rufus, of whom one was killed here by a stag, and the other by an arrow, were looked on as a special judgment. The deer were re- moved under an act of Parliament (1851) ; and under another of 1877 the New Forest now is managed by the court of Verderers as a public pleasure ground and cattle farm. NEWFOUNDLAND, an island and British colony of North America; in the Atlantic Ocean at the mouth of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and separated from Labrador on the N. by the straits of Belle Isle. The island is 370 miles in length, 290 in breadth, and about 1,000 in circumference; area, 42,200 square miles; pop. (1901) 217,037; (1917) 252,- 464. Capital, St. Johns. About a third of the area of the island is occupied by lakes and ponds. The coast provides a large number of ex- cellent and sheltered harbors. The plains abound with herds of the caribou deer; these, with bears, wolves, foxes, and beaver, form the principal fauna of the island, which is a favorite resort for sportsmen. In winter the cold is severe. Much of the soiL especially in the S., is unproductive; gi'ain and root crops are the most important agricul- tural products; large areas are adapted to stock raising. The chief resources of the inhabitants have been in the past the cod, seal, and salmon fisheries, these industries being the most extensive of the kind in the world. The chief industries of the people are agriculture, fishing, mining and lumber- ing. The annual catch of fish is valued at about $1,500,000, and the sealing in- dustry is also important. In 1918 151,- 431 seals, valued at $864,000, were taken. About 1,500 men are engaged in the fishing industry. Valuable iron depos- its have been found in various parts of the island. The forests produce large quantities of pulp for paper and exten. sive pulp and paper mills have been es- tablished in Grand Falls, Bishop Falls, and Deer Lake. The imports of Newfoundland in the years 1918-1919 were valued at £5,528,- 000, and the exports at £6,198,000, The annual expenditure is about $5,700,000, and the annual revenue about $6,500,- 000. There are about 900 miles of rail- way and about 4,600 miles of telegraph. A part of the peninsula of Labrador, lying between the Hudson Strait and Blanc Sablin, is included in the admin- istration of Newfoundland. Newfoundland was discovered by John Cabot in 1497. In 1583, Sir Humphrey Gilbert took possession in the name of England and in 1621 Calvert made a settlement in the peninsula of Avalon. Representation was granted in 1832. In 1854 the present form of government was established. Newfoundland forms, with the department of Labrador, a