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NEWSPAPER 441 NEWSPAPER 800,000 pigs. The production of wool in 1917 was 270,525,000 pounds. Sydney is the capital ; other towns are Newcastle, Bathurst, Goulburn, Para- matta, Maitland. There is no estab- lished religion. Among the religious sects the Church of England, Roman Catholics, Wesleyan Methodists, Luther- ans, and Presbyterians hold the chief place. Education is con.pulsory between the ages of 7 and 14. The educational system comprises lower and higher pub- lic schools, evening schools, etc., at the top being the University of Sydney. With it are affiliated three theological colleges, for Church of England, Presby- terian, and Roman Catholic students respectively. New South Wales was discovered by Captain Cook in 1770, and founded as a penal settlement (at Botany Bay) in 1788. One of its early governors was the notorious Captain Bligh, who was deposed by the colonists in 1808. The most important events in its history since convict immigration ceased in 1840 are the establishment of representative institutions in 1843; the erection of Vic- toria into a separate colony in 1850; the important discovery in May, 1851, of ex- tensive gold tracts; the rush to the dig- gings, with consequent great increase in population and prosperity; and the in- corporation of the colony in the Aus- tralian commonwealth in 1901. The first railway, from Sydney to Paramatta, was opened in 1855. Among more "de- cent events are the Sydney Exhibition held in 1879, and the Intercolonial Con- ference held at Sydney in 1883. The colony celebrated its centenary in Jan- uary, 1888. On Jan. 1, 1901, Sydney was the scene of the inauguration of the first governor-general of the new common- wealth. Lord Hopetoun. Pop. about 1,700,000. NEWSPAPER, a printed paper pub- lished at intervals of hours, days, or weeks, containing intelligence of past, current, or coming events; and at' the option of the conductors presenting also expressions of opinion by editorial and other contributors and the business an- nouncements of advertisers. The proto- types of the newspaper are supposed to be the journals called "Acta Diurna" which were the bulletins sent from Rome, several centuries before the Christian era, in which accounts were given of the progress of the imperial arms. These journals were communicated by the generals who received them to the officers under their command, and thus their con- tents became knowTi throughout the army. The "Acta Diimia seem, how- ever, to have recorded other than mili- tary matters, e. g., trials, punishments, deaths, sacrifices, prodigies. The Pek- ing "Gazette," the oldest daily in the world, was first issued about A. D. 1350. This is still in existence, and is an offi- cial journal, forming a pamphlet of 20 to 40 pages of coarse paper. The "Notizie Scritte," published monthly in Venice, in 1562, is said to have been the first Italian newspaper; but it was in manuscript, not printed. Its price was a small coin called gazetta; hence the word gazette. The first numbered sheets appeared in 1612. In the British Mu- seum there are seven copies of the "Eng- lish Mercurie" of 1688, but their authen- ticity is questioned. A publication en- titled the "Relations" was published in England as early as 1462, and in 1527 there was one called "New Tidings," but neither of these presented more than a single piece of intelligence. The earliest English newspaper in the true sense of the word was Butter's "Weekly News," of 1622. Butter's success led to many imitations, and newspapers, such as they were, soon became common. The publi- cation of newspapers without license was prohibited in the reign of Charles II., and an office was created called Licenser of the Press. Advertisements first ap- peared in English newspapers in 1652. "The Public Intelligencer" appeared in 1663, and "The London Gazette" in 1665. The first daily newspaper was the "Daily Courant," of London, the date of whose first issue was 1702; there is, however, a legend of a daily paper called the "Postboy," in 1695. Cologne seems to have had a newspaper as early as 1499, called the "Chronicle," and Frank- fort claims as the father of journalism Egenolf Enimel, who, in 1615, is believed to have established a daily paper entitled "Die Frankfurter Oberpostamt Zeitung." France's first newspaper, the "Gazette de France," appeared May 30, 1631, Sweden's in 1644, Holland's in 1656, Russia's in 1703, Spain's in 1704, Tur- key's in 1795 (printed in French). The first newspaper on the Amexncan side of the Atlantic, "Publick Occurrences both Foreign and Doraestick," was a monthly, first issued in Boston, Mass., by Richard Pearce, Sept. 25, 1690; in 1702 appeared "The Boston Newsletter," and in 1729 Benjamin Franklin's "Pennsylvania Ga- zette." The development of the newspaper has kept pace with industrial and social de- velopments in the United States. Prac- tically every city with a population of 5,000 or over has one or more daily papers. A gradual change, however, has