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NEWTON 443 NEWTON THEOLOGICAL INST. of Boston. It comprises 13 villages; con- tains the Newton Theological Institution (Bapt.), the Allen School for Boys, the Lasell Female Seminary, West Newton Classical School, public library, Eliot Memorial, high school, and several Na- tional and savings banks, and has gas and electric lights, manufactures of hosiery, shoes, silk, rubber, machinery, paper, carriages, cordage, etc. Pop. (1910) 39,806; (1920) 46,054. NEWTON, SIR ISAAC, an English philosopher; born in Woolsthorpe, Lin- colnshire, England, Dec. 25, 1642 (old style). In 1654 he was sent to Grantham School, and at the age of 18 removed to Trinity College, Cambridge. After going through Euclid's Elements, he pro- ceeded to the study of Descartes' Geom- etry, with Oughtred's Clavis and Kep- ler's Optics, in all of which he made marginal notes. It was in this early course that he invented the method of SIR ISAAC NEWTON fluxions, which he afterward brought to perfection, though his claim to the dis- covery was unjustly contested by Leib- nitz. At the age of 22 Newton took his degree of B. A., and about the same time he applied himself to the grinding of object-glasses for telescopes. Having nrocured a glass prism in order to in- vestigate the phenomena of colors, the result of his observations was his new theory of light and colors. It was not long after this that he made his discov- ery of the law of gi'avitation ; but it was not till 1687 that the Newtonian system was first published in his great work, the "Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy." On his return to the uni- versity, in 1667, he was chosen fellow of his college, and took his degree of M. A. Two years afterward he succeeded Dr. Barrow in the mathematical professor- ship. In 1691 he was chosen fellow of the Royal Society, to which body he com- municated his theory of light and colors, with an account of a new telescope in- vented by him, and other interesting papers. When the privileges of the Uni- versity of Cambridge were attacked by James II., Newton was appointed to appear as one of the delegates in the High Commission Court. He was next chosen a member of the Convention Parliament, in which he sat till it was dissolved. In 1696 he was made Warden of the Mint, and afterward Master; which latter place he held till his death. The reformation of the English coinage was largely his work. In 1703 he was chosen president of the Royal Society, in which station he continued 25 years. He was also a member of the Academy of Sciences at Paris, having been elected in 1699. In 1704 he published his treatise on "Optics"; but the whole merit of this extraordinary work was not at first ap- preciated. In 1705 he received the honor of knighthood from Queen Anne. He died in Kensington, near London, March 20, 1727. In 1731 a monument to his memory was erected in Westminster Abbey where his remains were buried. NEWTON, JOSEPH FORT, clergy- man. Born in Decatur, Tex., in 1876, he studied at the Southern Baptist The- ological Seminary, Louisville, Ky., and was ordained Baptist minister in 1893. He was pastor of the 1st Baptist Church, Paris, Tex., in 1898, and associate pastor of a non-sectarian church at St. Louis, 1898-1900. He founded and presided over the People's Church, Dixon, 111., from 1901 to 1908. Was Universalist pastor at Cedar Rapids, la., 1908-1916, and has been at the City Temple, Lon- don, England, since 1916. His works include: "David Swing, Poet Preacher" (1909); "Abraham Lincoln" (1910); "The Eternal Christ" (1912); "The Builders, A Story and Study of Ma- sonry" (1914) ; etc. NEWTON ABBOT, a market-town of Devonshire, England; 15 miles S. of Exeter. Its principal industry is pot- tery, there being abundant clay deposits. Ford House, a good Tudor building, has lodged both Charles I. and William of Orange, who here in 1688 was first pro- claimed king. Pop. about 15,000. NEWTON THEOLOGICAL INSTI- TUTION, a college for instruction in theology founded by the Baptist