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NIEHAUS 464 NIEVRE Roman history; and the lectures then de- livered formed the basis of the great work by which his name is immortalized, "Roman History" (1811-1827). He served in the campaigns of 1813-1814, and was sent as ambassador to the papal court at Rome in 1816. Quitting Rome in 1823, he was appointed adjunct-pro- fessor at the new University of Bonn, where he occupied himself with the preparation of a new edition of his great work, and with a republication of the By- zantine historians. Niebuhr published, besides his history, "Minor Historical and Philological Writings," etc. The "Roman History" was translated into English by Hare and Thirlwall. He died in Bonn, Prussia, Jan. 2, 1831. NIEHAUS, CHARLES HENRY, an American sculptor; born in Cincinnati, O., Jan. 24, 1855; educated in the public schools; studied art at the Royal Acad- emy of Munich, Bavaria, where he won the first medal ever given to an Amer- ican. Upon his return he received a com- mission to execute the Garfield monu- ment at Cincinnati, perhaps his best work. After its execution, he spent some years in Rome, settling, upon his return, in New York. Of his other works there should be mentioned, besides some fine portrait busts and some good specimens of his art in various museums, numerous statues of public men in Hartford, Conn.; Washington, D. C; Buffalo, N. Y.; Canton, O.; Memphis, Tenn.; Indianap- olis, Ind. ; etc. The bronze doors of Trin- ity Church, New York, are also his crea- tions, as are the pediments of the Ap- pellate Court Building in the same city. At the Pan-American Exposition of 1901 in Buffalo he had two large groups, "Min- eral Wealth." There, as well as at Charleston (1902) and St. Louis (1904), he was awarded gold medals. In 1906 he was made a member of the National Academy. NIEIiSEN, ALICE, American prima donna; born at Nashville, Tenn., 1876. She studied in San Francisco under Ida Valerga. She first appeared in Oakland as Yum Yum in "The Mikado," and later sang in "Robin Hood." After singing in Toronto and London, she studied for grand opera in Rome, and made her debut at the Bellini Theater in Naples as Marguerite in "Faust." In 1906 she toured the United States with the Don Pasquale Company and with San Carlo Company in 1907-1908. In 1910-1911 she was with the Boston Opera Company, and from that time with the Metropoli- tan Opera Company of New York, play- ing many leading roles. NIEMEN, a river of Russia, -whose lower course (70 of its 500 miles) lies within the province of East Prussia, where it is called the Metnel; it rises a few miles S. of the city of Minsk. It is navigable to Grodno; below Tilsit it divides into two branches, which reach the Kurisches Haflf each by four mouths. Along a large part of its course some of the most severe fighting between the German and Russian armies took place during the World War. NIETZSCHE, FRIEDRICH (WIL- HELM) (netsh'uh), a (Jerman writer; born in Rocken, Saxony, Oct. 15, 1844; was educated at Bonn; Professor of Classical Philology, University of Basle (1869-1880). His writings attracted a good deal of attention owing to their ex- treme character. He wrote : "The Birth of Tragedy from the Spirit of Music" (4th ed. 1895); "Thus Spake Zarathus- tra" (4th ed. 1895) ; "Beyond Good and Evil" (5th ed. 1895) ; "The Genealogy of Morality" (4th ed. 1895) ; "The Overturn- ing of all Values"; "Twilight of the Idols"; "Antichrist"; etc. Nietzsche's philosophy was the idealization of might or, as he called it. Will to Power. It has been claimed extensively that his teach- ings and writings were to a great extent responsible for the militaristic spirit of Germany and thus, at least indirectly, for the World War. Most of these claims, however, are based on a very superficial study and an equally superficial under- standing of his philosophy, the merits or faults of which remain still to be deter- mined. In 1889 his mind became affected, and remained in this condition until his death on Aug. 25, 1900, at Weimar. NIEVRE (ne-avr'), a central depart- ment of France, occupying a portion of the watershed between the Loire and the Seine, and bounded on the W. by the Allier and Loire rivers; area, 2,632 square miles; pop. about 300,000. Moun- tains belonging to the Morvan system, which forms the watershed between Seine and Rhone, divide the department into two great declivities. There are plateaus more or less fertile, vine-clad hills, and valleys rich in pastures; but the prin- cipal wealth of the department consists in its forests and minerals — coal, iron, and gypsum. The Nievre, whence the name of the department, is an incon- siderable affluent of the Loire from the right. The three chief rivers — ^the Allier, Loire, and Yonne — are navigable, and the Yonne, which belongs to the system of the Seine, is connected with the Loire by a canal. More than a third of the whole surface is covered with forests. Good wine is made; the iron industry is