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NOTTINGHAM 493 NOVABA turesqiie site overlooking the Vale of Trent, and has one of the finest and largest market places in the kingdom. The castle, which crowns the summit of a rock, rising 133 feet above the level of the Leen, was originally built by Wil- liam the Conqueror as a means of over- awing the outlaws frequenting the re- cesses of Sherwood Forest. The prin- cipal educational and literary institu- tions are the University College and Technical School, the school of art, the People's Hall, and tbe Mechanics' In- stitute. An arboretum covering 18 acres is a feature of the town. The staple manufactures are hosiery and lace, the latter being a sort of specialty. There are also manufactures of cotton, woolen, and silk goods, and of articles in malleable and cast iron. Notting- ham was a place of importance in Anglo- Saxon times, and was twice or thrice taken by the Danes. Charles I. raised his standard here in 1642, and next year the town and castle were taken by the Parliamentarians. Serious riots, oc- casioned by the introduction of machin- ery, took place in 1811-1812 and 1816- 1817. Pop. (1917) 236,853. NOTTINGHAM, HENEAGE FINCH, 1ST EARL OF, an English statesman; born in Eastwell, England, Dec. 23, 1621. He was an ardent royalist, was called to the bar in 1645, and at the Restoration was appointed solicitor-gen- eral, in which capacity he signalized his zeal in the prosecution of the regicides. In 1661 he was elected member for the University of Oxford and obtained a baronetcy, and six years afterward took a prominent part in the impeachment of the Earl of Clarendon. In 1670 he became attorney-general, and in 1675 he obtained the chancellorship. In 1681 his services were rewarded with the earl- dom of Nottingham. He died Dec. 18, 1682. NOUE, FIIAN9OIS DE LA, called Bras de Fer (Iron Arm), a French Huguenot commander; born near Nan- tes, France, in 1531. His "Political and Military Discourses" (1587) are deemed masterpieces. He was killed at Lam- balle, France, in 1591. NOUREDDIN, M ALEK-AL- A DEL NOUR-ED-DEEN MAHMOUD, Sultan of Syria and Egypt; bom in Damascus, Turkey, Feb. 21, 1116. He succeeded his father in 1145, and continued the war with the Christians; his success in which, and especially his complete con- quest of Edessa, gave occasion to the second crusade, preached by St. Ber- nard, and led by Louis VII. and the Em- peror Conrad III. Noureddin compelled the crusaders to raise the siege of Damascus, and in 1149 they retired. The Sultan immediately attacked _and defeated Raimond, prince of Antioch, who fell in the battle. The next year he unsuccessfully besieged Tell-basher, a dependency of Edessa held by Josce- line de Courtenay; but he soon after captured Josceline, and made himself master of Edessa. In 1154 he added Damascus to his dominions, and made the city his capital. The war continued, and in 1159, Noureddin was defeated by the Christians near the lake of Genne- sareth, and was menaced by the Greek Emperor Manuel Comnenus. By giving up to Manuel all the Christian captives, 6,000 in number, he induced him to re- linquish his enterprise. And soon after one of his generals defeated and made prisoner the famous Renaud de Chatil- lon. Noureddin being called in to sup- port one of the rival claimants to the caliphate of Egypt, effected the conquest of it, and made it his own. He died at Damascus, May 15, 1174. NOVAES, GUIOMAR, Brazilian pi- anist, born in 1896. She studied with Chiafarelli and made her public debut at the age of ten, giving such evidence of ability that she was given a subsidy by the government. Went to Paris, 1907, and won first place among 388 candidates for 12 available places in the Conservatoire. She there studied with Isidore Philipp four years, winning first prize. Has appeared with success in Paris, London, Germany, Italy and United States. Toured United States 1917-1920. NOVALIS, pseudonym of Frederick VON Hardenberg, a German writer; born in Wiederstadt, Prussia, May 2, 1772. Educated at University of Jena and Leipsic. About the year 1797 he published his "Hymns to Night"; and between that time and the year 1801. produced a number of works displaying a boundless imagination and a love of the mystical and supernatural. In 1800 he published the romance "Henry of Ofterdingen." A complete collection of his writings was made by his friends Tieck and Frederick Sehlegel. He died in Weissenfels, Prussia, March 25, 1801. NOVARA, capital of an Italian prov- ince; 60 miles N. of Turin; with sev- eral fine churches, a trade in silk, grain, and wine, and manufactures of silk, cotton, and linen. Here the Sar- dinians were utterly defeated by the Vol. VI— Cyc— FF