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OLAF I. 15 OLD BAILEY 1914 and the 21 demands on China in 1915. Most of the demands giving Japan increased privileges were obtained and in compensation the return of Tsing- tao to China was promised. Count Okuma was founder and president of the Waseda University and also founded the Japanese Women's University. OLAF I., King of Denmark, perished in 814, in combat with the Turks. OLAF II., succeeded his brother, Canute IV., in 1086, and died in 1095. OLAF, or ST. OLAF, one of the most celebrated of the Norwegian kings, son of Harald, chief of the district of Gran- land; born about 995. He was a friend of the Normans, and fought as an ally of Ethelred's in England. He afterward established himself on the throne of Norway, and was a zealous supporter of Christianity. Canute the Great having landed in Norway with an army, Olaf fled to Russia, and in attempting to re- cover his dominions he was defeated and slain at the battle of Siklestad (1030). Since 1164 he has been honored as the patron saint of Norway. The order of St. Olaf, a Norwegian order given in reward for services rendered to king and country or to art and science, was founded in 1847. OLAND. See Oeland. O'LAITGHLIN, JOHN CALLAN, an American newspaper writer, born in Washington in 1873. He was educated in the common schools and studied Euro- pean diplomacy in Columbia University. He served as correspondent in various parts of the world for many newspapers and contributed much to current maga- zines. He served as first assistant secre- tary of state for three months in 1909, and was secretary of Theodore Roosevelt during the latter's trips in Africa and Europe. He wrote "With Roosevelt from the Jungle Through Europe" (1910); "Imperilled America" (1916). He was commissioned major in the Na- tional Guard in 1918 and served as aide to Major-General Goethals. OLD AGE PENSIONS, income re- ceived by superannuated employees of a state, municipality or private corpora- tion. It is a prominent feature of the general tendency toward the assumption of responsibility on the part of society for the welfare of its individual units, brought about by the evils of modern in- dustrialism. Originally based on the principle of individualism, the modern state is more and more becoming recog- nized as a social organization, as well as the source of administrative authority. The first statesman to recognize the responsibility of the state for the welfare of aged workers was Bismarck, who in- itiated a system of compulsory state in- surance, suggested by Schaeffle. Bis^ marck realized the powerful impression which was then being made on the masses by the Socialistic doctrines of Lasalle, and introduced this and other elements of paternalism into the government as a check to the growing Socialist move- ment. Old age pensions, based on compulsory insurance, in which the workers them- selves are compelled to pay a part of the cost of maintaining the system, the rest being borne by the state and the employ- ers, have since been adopted in many other European countries, notably among the coal miners of Austria (in 1889), France (in 1894), Rumania (in 1895), and more generally in Sweden and Bel- gium. In the latter country old age pensions are a part of the system of mutual benefits instituted by the co-oper- ative societies, notably in Ghent, where the profits from the co-operative enter- prises are partly devoted to the old age pensions fund. Old age pensions in the United States have been largely limited to the large corporations, especially in the more haz- ardous industries, such as in the rail- roads and coal mines and the steel foun- dries. In many instances this is done through voluntary associations, toward whose funds the corporations contribute the greater portion. OLD BAILEY, until 1903 an English court or sessions house in London, in which the sittings of the Central Crim- inal Court were held for the trial of of- fenses within its jurisdiction. The judges of this court are the lord mayor, the lord chancellor, the judges, alder- men, recorder, and common serjeant of London. But of these the recorder, the serjeant, and the judge of the sheriff's court are in most cases the actually pre- siding judges. Here were tried in 1660, after the Restoration, the surviving judges of Charles I. ; and Milton's "Icono- clasts" and "First Defense" were in the same year burned at the Old Bailey by the common hangman. The patriot Lord William Russell was tried here in 1683, Jack Sheppard in 1724, Jonathan Wild in 1725, the poet Savage in 1727, Dr. Dodd in 1777, Bellingham, the assassin of the statesman Perceval, in 1812, the Cato street conspirators in 1820. The Old Bailey adjoins Newgate Prison, bet^^en Holborn Viaduct and Ludgate Hill, where the Central Criminal Court now stands.