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SENECIO 338 SENNA the left by the outlet of Lake Canan- daigua, then turns again E. f and receives in succession the drainage of the other parallel "finger lakes" to the E. (Owasco, Skaneateles, and Onondaga), then turns N. W., taking the name of Oswego river, and enters Lake Ontario at Oswego. Length (including the Oswego) nearly 100 miles. SENECIO, the groundsel, a genus of plants, order Asteracese, remarkable as being probably the most extensive in point of species in the whole vegetable kingdom. They are spread over all parts of the globe, fully 1,000 different kinds being known to botanists. The ground- sel (Senecio vulgaris) and the ragwort (S. Jacobsea), afford a good idea of the appearance of the European species, the most noteworthy of which is, perhaps, the well-known <S. cineraria, better known in gardens as Cineraria maritima, exten- sively used for planting in flower beds for the sake of contrast with scarlet and other colors, its beautiful foliage being clothed with short white down. The golden senecio, S. aureus, an American species found in all the states, in meadows, woods, etc., is a handsome plant, with golden-yellow flowers. SENEFELDER, ALOYS, the inventor of lithography; born in Prague, Bohemia, Nov. 6, 1771; died in Munich, Bavaria, Feb. 26, 1834. See Lithography. SENEGAL, a river of western Africa, which rises in the interior not far from some of the Niger sources, and after a course of some 1,000 miles falls into the Atlantic near lat. 16° N. It is navi- gable for flat-bottomed boats, for about 740 miles from its mouth; as far as the cataracts of Felou, and for steamers (during certain months) about 650 miles. SENEGAL, a colony of French West Africa ; between the Sahara and the Gam- bia river; extends from the Atlantic on the W. to the French Sudan on the E.; area, 74,112 square miles. The name Senegambia, which is not used by the French, has been applied to this region, being compounded from the names of the rivers, Senegal and Gambia, between which it lies. Gold, silver, copper, and quicksilver are found. Much of the soil is rich. The natives cultivate millet, maize, and rice ; other products are gums, castor-beans, ground nuts, cocoanuts, rub- ber, and kola. The native industries are weaving and the making of bricks, pot- tery, and jewelry. A railway connects the coast towns of Dakar and St. Louis; another line runs from Kayes on the coast, toward the upper Niger. Government. — For administrative pur- poses the colony is divided into four com- munes; St. Louis (the capital and resi- dence of the governor of West Africa ) , Dakar (chief port, pop. 25,468), Gorec, and Rufisque. In October, 1899, a portion of the West Sudan was placed under the same administration as Senegal. The imports in 1919 were valued at about $16,000,000, and the exports at about $14,000,000. History. — The French first settled Senegal in 1626. It was taken by the English in 1758, retaken by the French in 1779, and subsequently held by the English till the peace of 1814. The settle- ments languished till the appointment of General Faidherbe as governor in 1854. He began a most vigorous line of action, subdued the Berber chiefs who prevented the French advance inland, and annexed their territories. This policy was pur- sued in the same spirit by subsequent governors; districts were annexed and protectorates proclaimed with extraordi- nary celerity, though the two powerful chiefs Ahmadou and Samory occasioned them a great deal of trouble, 1887-1890. Pop. (1919) 1,204,113. SENESCHAL, in the Middle Ages, an officer in the house of princes and high dignitaries, who had the superintendence of feasts and domestic ceremonies; a steward. In some instances he had the dispensing of justice. SENN, NICHOLAS, an American sur- geon; born in Buchs, Switzerland, Oct. 31, 1844; removed with his parents to Ashford, Wis., in 1853; was graduated at the Chicago Medical College in 1868; followed his profession in Fond du Lac, Wis., in 1869-1874, and removed to Mil- waukee, Wis., in 1874. In 1885 became a professor in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Chicago; Professor of the Principles of Surgery and Surgical Pa- thology in Rush Medical College in 1888, and removed to Chicago in 1891. He was made surgeon-general of Wisconsin be- fore his removal, and served in the field during the Spanish-American War. His publications include "Experimental Sur- gery"; "Surgical Bacteriology"; "Intes- tinal Surgery"; "Pathology and Surgical Treatment of Tumors"; "Tuberculosis of Bones and Joints"; "Tuberculosis of the Genito-Urinary Organs"; "Medico-Surgi- cal Aspects of the American-Spanish War"; etc. He died Jan. 2, 1908. SENNA, in botany, various species of cassia. The leaf of C. elongata consti- tutes Tinnevelly senna. Other Indian species furnishing the drug are C. Obo- vata, C. Lanceolata, and C. absus. Alex- andrian or Nubian senna is the leaf of C. lanceolata and C. obovata. It is often adulterated, accidentally or intentionally,