Page:Collier's New Encyclopedia v. 08.djvu/90

RIVER CRAB 64 RIVET In the United States the common law of England was at first followed; but in some of the States it is expressly de- clared that the common law is inapplic- able. Mining rights have been specially determined in some districts; and the laws as to irrigation rights have been elaborately defined in Colorado and else- where. RIVER CRAB, a name given to a genus of crabs (Thelphusa), inhabiting fresh water, and having the carapace quadrilateral and the antennae very short. One species (T. depressa) inhabits mud- dy lakes and slow rivers in the S. of Europe. RIVER HOG, the name occasionally given to the capybara. RIVER HORSE, a name sometimes given to the Hippopotamus (q. v.). RIVER ROUGE, a village of Michi- gan, in Wayne co. It is on the Detroit and Toledo Shore and the Michigan Cen- tral railroads. It has important indus- tries, including shipyard and bridge and steel works. Pop. (1910) 4,163; (1920) 9,822. RIVERSIDE, a city and county-seat of Riverside co., Cal. ; on the Santa Ana river, and on the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe, Riverside, Rialto and Pacific, and other railroads; 118 miles N. W. of San Diego. Here are a high school, Fed- eral Indian School, libraries, several Na- tional and State banks, and a number of daily and weekly newspapers. The city is in a fruit-growing section noted for its oranges, lemons and raisins, and has extensive irrigating canals. Pop. (1910) 15,212; (1920) 19,341. RIVES, ALFRED LANDON, an American engineer; born in Paris, France, March 25, 1830; studied at the University of Virginia; was graduated at the Ecole des Ponts et Chaussees, Paris, in 1854; was assistant engineer on the completion of the National Capi- tol, Washington; engineer in the con- struction of the aqueduct in Washing- ton; and was in charge of the United States survey for improving the Potomac river. During the Civil War he was colonel of engineers in the Confederate army. After the war he was at differ- ent times an engineer on several rail- roads; and general manager and super- intendent of many engineering works; also chief engineer of the Cape Cod Canal. He died in 1903. RIVES, AMELIE, an American novel- ist, born in Richmond, Va., Aug. 23, 1863. At an early age she contributed short stories to magazines and newspa- pers. A series of stories composed her first book, "A Brother to Dragons." "The Quick or the Dead," a unique type of fiction first published serially in "Lippincott's Magazine," in 1890, was her first success. It was afterward pub- lished in book form. "According to St. John" first appeared in the "Cosmopoli- tan" magazine, and then in book form, in 1891. Other books by this author are "Virginia of Virginia," and "Athelwold." She became the wife of John A. Chanler in 1888. They were divorced on account of incompatibility. In 1896 she married the son of a Russian Prince, Pierre Troubetskoi, an artist. She also wrote, "Herod and Mariamne," "Witness of the Sun," "Barbara Dering," "Tanis," etc., and several plays, including "The Prince and the Pauper," based on Mark Twain's romance (1920). RIVES, GEORGE LOCKHART, an American lawyer and historical writer, born in New York City in 1849. He graduated from Columbia University in 1868 and studied law at that university and at Trinity College, Cambridge. In 1874 he was admitted to the bar and practiced in New York City for many years. From 1896 to 1902 he was a member of the Rapid Transit Railroad Commission, and was corporation coun- sel from 1902 to 1904. From 1887 to 1889 he served as Assistant Secretary of State of the United States. He was a student of the relations between the United States and Mexico, and published in 1913 "The United States and Mexi- co, 1821-1848." He was a member of the American Academy of Arts and Let- ters and was president of the Board of Trustees of the New York Public Li- brary. He died in 1917. RIVET, a short bolt with a flat or rose head, employed for uniting two plates or thin pieces of material. The stub end is swaged to prevent its with- drawal. When used for joining pieces of leather, as in making belting, an an- nular disk, termed a burr, is placed over this end previous to swaging, in order to give a greater bearing. Rivets are cut from round metal rods and formed by special machinery. In riveting iron plates together, as in boilers, tanks, etc., the rivet is made red-hot, and while a sledge is held against the head, the end is swaged down by striking directly with a riveting hammer, or a species of die called a snaphead is interposed. Rivet- ing machines are stationary and porta- ble. The first does heavy work by press- ure of steam and hydraulic power; the portable by steam or compressed air, pro- ducing blows like a hammer. They drive