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TYNG 56 TYPE-SETTING MACHINES succeeding centuries suffered much from the hands of the Danes. It was re- founded in 1090 by Mowbray, Earl of Northumberland. The monastic build- ings were dismantled at the dissolution in 1539. The remains of the priory are chiefly those of the church, which was built about 1100 and enlarged about 1220. The chancel, whose E. and S. walls are still standing, is one of the most ex- quisitely light and graceful specimens of Early English architecture in the coun- try. The Lady Chapel, a chantry of the Percies, was founded toward the close of the 14th century. Tyneniouth castle was built about 1296. All that remains of it now is the great gateway of 14th-century date. Tynemouth is a clean, healthy town, with several good streets and ter- races. A wide road extends to Culler- coats called the Grand Parade. The sands are nearly a mile long, and the Permian cliffs are very picturesque. Pop. about 60,000. TYNG, STEPHEN HIGGINSON, an American clergjm:ian, long rector of St. George's Church, New York City; born in Newburyport, Mass., March 1, 1800; and was graduated at Harvard Univer- sity in 1817. For several years he ed- ited the "Episcopal Recorder," the "Protestant Churchman," etc., and he published in book form many volumes; among them: "Lectures on the Law and Gospel" (1832); "Sermons" (1839- 1852) ; "Recollections of England" (1847); "The Israel of God" (1854); "Christ Is All" (1852) ; "The Rich Kins- man" (1856) ; "Forty Years' Experience in Sunday-schools" (1860) ; "The Prayer Book" (1863-1867). He died in Irving- .n, N. Y., Sept. 4, 1885. TYPE, a rectangular solid of metal, wood, or other hard material having a raised letter, figure, punctuation mark, or other character on the upper end, which, when inked, is used to make im- pressions on paper and other smooth sur- faces; the term is also used collectively. Types must be all of a uniform height, and perfectly true in their angles, other- wise they could not be locked firmly to- gether to be printed from. Notches are made on one side of the type to assist the compositor in distinguishing the bottom from the top; the groove is a channel made in the bottom of the type to make it stand steadily. From the character of the letters types are known as CAPI- TALS, small or lower-case letters, italics, script^, etc. From their size they re- ceive the following names, from bril- liant, which, however, is rarely used, to English, the largest used in ordinary book work: Brilliant, diamond, pearl, Tuby, nonpareil, minion, brevier, bour- geois, long primer, small pica, pica, Eng- lish. The different sizes are now, how- ever, named by the "point" system, as 5- point, 5 1/^ -point, 6-point, etc. Types are made by casting (which is now done by machinery) , the letter be- ing first cut on the end of a steel punch, and the punch then driven into a piece of copper, which forms the matrix or bottom of the mold intended to produce the letter. A fount or font is a complete assortment of any given kind of type, the number of each letter being in pro- portion to the frequence of its occurrence m printed matter, thus: a 9,000 b 2,000 C 4,000 d 5,000 e 14.000 f 3.000 g 2,000 h 6,000 i 9,000 j 500 k 800 1 5,000 m 3,000 a 8,000 o 8,000 p 2,400 q 600 r 7,000 8 8,000 t 10,000 u 4.500 V 1,500 w 2,500 X 500 y 2,500 z 300 A complete font of type, including Ro- man and Italic, with capitals, figures, points, and signs, consists of 226 differ- ent characters. TYPE METAL, the alloy of lead and antimony used in casting printers' types, the usual proportions being one part of antimony to three of lead, but a superior and harder kind of type is sometimes made by alloying two parts of lead with one of antimony and one of tin. Both these alloys take a sharp impression from the mold or matrix, owing to their expansion on solidification, and they are hard enough to stand the work of the press, without being brittle or liable to fracture. TYPE-SETTING MACHINES, me- chanical devices for setting type. The first record of type-setting machinery was made in the English Patent Office in 1794. In 1822, W. Church, of Connecti- cui;, took out a patent for a machine hav- ing a keyboard, the manipulation of which guided freshly cast type to a cen- tral point. Some 20 years subsequently other machines began to appear, among them those of Delacambre, Young, Mar- tin, Boule, Mitchell, Coulan, and Alden. Alden's machine was the first to come into practical use. It was used on maga- zine work and was able to set about 3,000 ems an hour, but required several men to operate it. The Hattersley machine was produced a little later and was used to some extent. The type was arranged in rows by the manipulations of a key- board and pushed out by pistons to a guide-plate leading to a central position, where a continuous line was formed.