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of Christ (a.d. 1054). But God did not delay to inflict upon them the punishment they had so well deserved. As in former times He had chastised the Israelites for the neglect of His laws, so He now punished the degenerate Christians also. In the beginning of the seventh century (a.d. 622), there had appeared in Arabia an arrogant impostor called Mahomet, who pretended to be a messenger of God, and patched up a new religion out of Pagan, Jewish, and Christian observances and doctrines. At the head of a band of robbers, he first plundered caravans, soon after took cities and countries, and, sword in hand, forced the inhabitants to embrace his religion. His successors, who were called Caliphs, continued, by the force of arms, to subdue one country after another in Asia and Africa, and to spread the doctrine of their false prophet, and, at the same time, barbarism, profligacy, and the most oppressive slavery. Christianity, it is true, was not entirely rooted out in those countries; but being separated from the true Church, it fell into a state of torpidity and debasement, under which it is still languishing at the present time.

40. ^[1]In the year 637 Jerusalem, the capital of the

↑ In what year did Jerusalem fall under the power of the Mahometans? What do you understand by Mahometans, and what by Saracens? When was Jerusalem conquered by the Turks? What do you call those Turks, and whence did they come? What was their religion? Were they friends of the Christians? What was the cause of the Crusades? Who was Peter of Amiens, and what did he report to Urban II.? What did the Pope do? What did he effect at the Council of Clermont? In what year was the Council of Clermont held? What ensued in the West? What is the origin of the name of Crusade? What can you relate of the first Crusade? In what year was Jerusalem taken? What can you relate of Godfrey of Bouillon? How long did the Christian Kingdom of Jerusalem last? What caused its fall? When, and by whom, was it conquered? About what year, and by what Turks, were the Seljukians subdued, and how far did they extend their conquests? In what year, and by whom, was Constantinople taken? Who checked the further progress of the Turks. By whom were they at last completely overthrown? In what battle and in what year? What was the result of this victory?

[1] In what year did Jerusalem fall under the power of the Mahometans? What do you understand by Mahometans, and what by Saracens? When was Jerusalem conquered by the Turks? What do you call those Turks, and whence did they come? What was their religion? Were they friends of the Christians? What was the cause of the Crusades? Who was Peter of Amiens, and what did he report to Urban II.? What did the Pope do? What did he effect at the Council of Clermont? In what year was the Council of Clermont held? What ensued in the West? What is the origin of the name of Crusade? What can you relate of the first Crusade? In what year was Jerusalem taken? What can you relate of Godfrey of Bouillon? How long did the Christian Kingdom of Jerusalem last? What caused its fall? When, and by whom, was it conquered? About what year, and by what Turks, were the Seljukians subdued, and how far did they extend their conquests? In what year, and by whom, was Constantinople taken? Who checked the further progress of the Turks. By whom were they at last completely overthrown? In what battle and in what year? What was the result of this victory?

[1]