is free, its quantity is regulated by the value of the metal. . . . Gold and silver are in reality commodities . . . It is cost of production . . . which determines the value of these, as of other ordinary productions."[1]
The whole wisdom of Mill resolves itself into a series of arbitrary and absurd assumptions. He wishes to prove that the price of commodities or the value of money is determined by "the total quantity of the money in any country." Assuming that the quantity, and the exchange value of the commodities in circulation remain unchanged and that the same be true of the rapidity of circulation and of the value of precious metals as determined by the cost of production, and assuming at the same time that the quantity of the metallic currency increases or decreases in proportion to the quantity of money existing in a country, it becomes really "evident" that what was to have been proven has been assumed. Mill falls, moreover, into the same error as Hume by assuming that use-values and not commodities with a given exchange value are in circulation, and that vitiates his statement, even if we grant all of his "assumptions." The rapidity of circulation may remain the same; this may also be true of the value of the precious metals and of the quantity of commodities in circulation; and yet a change in the exchange value of the latter may require now a larger and now a smaller quantity of money for their circulation. Mill sees that a part of
- ↑ James Mill: "Elements of Political Economy." [London, 1821, p. 95–101 passim. Transl.]
