original works, but translators of works in the public domain could not oppose other translations. Reproduction of newspaper or periodical articles was permitted (art. VII) unless expressly forbidden, but this prohibition could not apply to political discussions, news matter or "current topics" {faits divers). Liberty of extract from literary or artistic works otherwise was left (art. VIII) to domestic legislation or specific treaties.
Performing
rights
Protection was specifically extended (art. IX) to the representation of dramatic or dramatico-musical works or translations thereof, and, on condition of express reservation, to musical works; and adaptations, arrangements, and other unauthorized indirect appropriations were specially included (art. X) among illicit reproductions subject to determination by the courts of the respective countries.
Other
provisions
The author indicated on a work, or the publisher of an anonymous or pseudonymous work, was given (art. XI) authority to institute proceedings, but the tribunal might require certificate that the formalities in the country of origin had been accomplished. Pirated (contrefait) works might be seized (art. XII) on importation, according to domestic law. The convention was not to derogate (art. XIII) from the right of each country to domestic control by legislation or police. Existing works, not fallen into the public domain in the country of origin (art. XIV), were protected. The several countries reserved (art. XV) the right to make separate and particular treaty arrangements. An international office was established (art. XVI) under the name of "Office of the International Union for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works," under the authority of the Swiss Confederation, the expenses to be borne by the signatory countries. Revision at future conferences was
