successful culmination of work toward which he had given many years of active and effective life.
Berlin con-
vention,
1908:
The Berlin convention included thirty articles, covering the same ground as those of the Berne convention and the Paris acts, but somewhat differently arranged, so that comparison is not quite direct. Article I reconstitutes the International Copyright Union."Literary
and artistic
works" de-
fined The expression "literary and artistic works" is defined (arts. 2 and 3, covering previous arts. IV-VI) as including "all productions in the literary, scientific or artistic domain, whatever the mode or form of reproduction, such as: books, pamphlets and other writings; dramatic or dramatico-musical works; choregraphic works and pantomimes, the stage directions
Cmise en scene') of which are fixed in writing or otherwise; musical compositions with or without words; drawings, paintings; works of architecture
and sculpture; engravings and lithographs; illustrations; geographical charts; plans, sketches and plastic works relating to geography, topography, architecture, or the sciences. Translations, adaptations, arrangements of music and other reproductions transformed from a literary or artistic work, as well as
compilations from different works, are protected as original works without prejudice to the rights of the author of the original work." The contracting countries are pledged to secure protection fully for these categories and for photographic works and "works obtained by any process analogous to photography"
and to protect "works of art applied to industry" so far as domestic legislation allows.
Authors'
rights
The convention assures (art. 4, broadening art. II) to authors within the jurisdiction of a unionist country for their works, whether unpublished or published for the first time in one of the countries of the Union, such rights in each other unionist country as domestic
