of copyright in the United States, such books had to be manufactured and published in this country with the statutory or U.C.C. notice while ad interim copyright subsisted, and to maintain copyright, every copy published in the United States had to bear the required copyright notice.
2118.1 English Language Books
Generally, all English language books are subject to the manufacturing clause except those that qualify under the U.C.C. exemption ("U.C.C. works").
Exceptions: For information concerning works under ad interim copyright when a country joined the U.C.C. and works that secured, or were capable of securing, ad interim copyright as of December 31, 1977, see Section 2115.2(F). Also, when an author of a book was stateless on the date of first publication, renewal registration is possible regardless of the former or prospective citizenship or domicile of the author, or the place of manufacture or first publication.
2118.2 Foreign Language Books
Generally, foreign language books are subject to the manufacturing clause only if first published in the United States.
Exception: If the author is a U.S. national or domiciliary when a foreign language book was first published, the book had to be manufactured in the United States. If the book was manufactured abroad, copyright in the United States was lost upon publication; ad interim copyright could not be secured, and renewal registration is not possible.
2118.3 Effect of Simultaneous Publication in the United States
Generally, when a book is otherwise eligible for renewal registration as a U.C.C. work, simultaneous publication in the United States will not prevent renewal registration under the rule of doubt. For an explanation of what constitutes simultaneous publication, see Section 2116.3(B).
2118.4 Illustrations in a Book
Renewal registration for an illustration contained in a book that is subject to the manufacturing clause depends on the process of reproduction. If the illustration was produced by lithographic or photoengraving processes it must be manufactured in the United States. For more information, see Section 2121.5.
2118.5 Unpublished Nondramatic Literary Material
Unpublished nondramatic literary material (other than those prepared for oral delivery) could not be registered under the Copyright Act of 1909 and did not come under statutory protection until January 1, 1978 under the Copyright Act of 1976. Therefore, renewal registration is not applicable to these works. For information about renewal registration of nondramatic literary works prepared for oral delivery, see Section 2122.4.
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