National / Nationality. A "national" is a citizen of a nation or a person who, although not a citizen, owes permanent allegiance to the nation. Citizens of the United States are persons entitled as such by the U.S. Constitution or federal statutes, including persons born in Guam, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and Puerto Rico. By federal statutes, some persons are nationals, but not citizens, of the United States, including persons born in the outlying possessions of the United States. All U.S. citizens are also nationals of the United States.
Original copyright claimant. The party in which statutory copyright was initially secured either by being identified as the proprietor in the copyright notice at the time of first publication or as the copyright claimant in an original registration record for an unpublished work.
Nondramatic literary works. For renewal registration purposes, any literary work (other than a drama or other literary work intended for oral delivery or public performance such as a lecture or sermon) that was first published in printed copies. Such works include books and periodicals.
Pan-American Conventions. Copyright relations among countries of the Western Hemisphere were governed to some extent under the Copyright Act of 1909 by a series of conventions, chief of which was the Buenos Aires Convention of 1910. That convention specifies that authors of any member country who secured copyright in their own country will enjoy the rights each of the other countries accords its own works, if the work contains a statement indicating the reservation of the properly right, such as "All Rights Reserved" or "Todos los derechos reservados" or "Copyright reserved." Such words are not required to reserve U.S. copyright and are not considered to be a substitute for the copyright notice required under the Copyright Act of 1909. For a list of the seventeen countries that ratified the Convention, see Circular 38, International Copyright Conventions.
Periodical / Serial. Includes published newspapers, magazines, reviews, bulletins, etc. issued at regular intervals of less than a year, the successive issues bearing the same title (with a distinguishing number or date for each issue] and being similar in the general character of their subject matter. Publications issued at intervals of a year or more, or irregularly, are not considered to be periodicals, but may sometimes be registered as serials. Likewise a series of books issued regularly under a series title is not a periodical.
Personal work. A work created by an individual author in his or her own personal right as an author.
Phonorecord. "'Phonorecords' are material objects in which sounds, other than those accompanying a motion picture or other audiovisual work, are fixed by any method now known or later developed, and from which the sounds can be perceived, reproduced, or otherwise communicated, either directly or with the aid of a machine or device," including "the material object in which the sounds are first fixed." 17 U.S.C. § 101. In the Copyright Act of 1909 such objects were referred to as "reproductions of sound recordings." 17 U.S.C. § 26 (1973).
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