ANA
myitu the opinion of thofe who hold, that free-will is not able to reiilt divine grace. ■ 1 l
It has been much controverted, whether a perlon might oe •anathematized after his death ; a controverfy certainly of great moment, as turning on no left a queftion than this, whether a church can reverie the difpenfations of heaven, and call perfons perhaps out of paradife, and commit them to hell 1 Pfaff. Inft. Hift. Ecclef, fee. 6. c. 5. Church hiftory abounds with inftances of mutual anathemas, councils fathers, heretics anathematizing each other. 1 here are fldl extant the twelve anathemas of St. Cyril againft Nato- rius % and the counter-anathemas of Neftorius againft St. Cy- ril '._[■ Fabric. Bibl. Grac. 1. 5. c. 27. n. 18. * Id. ibid, c. 34. p. 439. j , ,
St Athanahus is charged by Whifton with having interpolated the anathemas of the council of Nice. The critic pretends to convict the faint of having forged the claufe, where the Arians arc anathematized, for holding that Chrift was created. It muft not be omitted, that Mr. Thirlby has endeavoured to refute the charge. IVhijl. Argum. p. 38. feq. ANATHEMATISM denotes the fame with anathema or im- precation. See Anathema.
The decrees of councils are commonly guarded by Anathe- matifms, to procure them refpect, and fecure the obi'ervance of them. See Canon, Council, &c. Cycl. The Anathematifms of Greg. Thaumaturgus are extant in Canifius's colleffion ; but have been Ihewn to be fpurious, fince mention is made in them of Arianifm and Apolhnaris. Vid. Bibl. Anc. Mod. T. 23. p. 272. .ANATHREPSIS, in medicine, amounts to much the fame
with Anakpfis. CaJI. Lex. Med. p. 47. See Analepsis. ANATICULA, in the old Roman authors, a term of fond- nefs ufed by people in love. There is another of the fame kind from a different bird Palumhula.
My little duck, and my little dove, were the moft endearing terms the the lovers of thofe times could ufe ; nor was this the cuftom of the Romans only, but the Greeks, as far off as Ariftophanes, have it. ANATIFERA nucha, in natural hiftory, the name of a genus of Ihells, the characters of which are thefe : It is a ihell-fiftl of the multivalve kind, being of a triangular figure, flat, and compofed of five Ihells faffen'd to a long pedicle, and furnifhed with fourteen hairs. Of this genus of fhell-fifh the cabinets of the curious afford us the following fpecies. I . The finooth-edg'd Anatifera, with a long pedicle. 2. The glans marinas of Rondeletius, with a long pedicle. 3. The almond- (haped Anatifera, with a Ibort pedicle. 4. The arborefcent or branched Anatifera, of a long acute form. This genus of (hells obtained this Arrange name from an er- roneous opinion, that they produced ducks, or a fpecies of wild fowl of that kind, the name fignifying a fhell producing ducks. The fable of this fhell is told by many grave authors, and reported by perfons who live in the places where that breed of wild fowl is found, as a known and inconteftable fa£f, yet nothing can be more falfe or abfurd. It is very well known to the more judicious part of the world, that thefe Ihells contain a fifth of the nature of that in other kinds of fhell-fifh, and that this never has any analogy to, or con- neflion with the fowl call'd the Beruacle, and fuppofed to be produced of it. The fowl has been of late years found to breed in many places in great abundance ; and all that could have given rife to fo idle an opinion as this of its being pro- duced of this fhell is, that the fifh contained in it is of a plumofe fhape, or has certain parts fomewhat refembling fea- thers, which it throws out of the fhell upon occafion. The fmall refemblance of thefe to a bird, and the appearance of great numbers of thefe fowl at certain times of the year, without their being known to breed in the places where they were found, gave birth to a foolifh opinion among the coun- try people ; which, it was very unlucky, that perfons of more abilities ever gave any the leaft countenance to. ANATOMICAL InjetJions. See Injections. ANATOMY (Cyr/.)— Ariftotle, Galen, Vefalius, the royal academy of fciences at Paris, and others have treated on the Anatomyot brutes. Vid. Conring. Introd. in Medic, c. 3. § q. There is fome difpute among phyficians and naturalilts con- cerning the ufefulnels of comparative Anatomy. On the one hand it is urged, that the parts lefs apparent in one animal, are found more diftin£t and confpicuous in another ; fo that the knowledge of the llruclure of the former, may be im- proved by analogy, from that of the latter. On the other hand it is objected, that the diveriity is fo great between one animal and another, according to the different manners of life they are intended for, that 'tis never fafe concluding by .mere analogy, from the ftruclure of one to that of the other 3 . Malpighi b has been very large in the refutation of this ob- jeaion.— [ ■ Epift. & Recenf. Medic. Phil. Tranf. N° 228. p. 552. feq. b Opp. Pofthum. ap. Phil. Tranf. loc. cit. p. 554.] Anatomy makes a great branch of that diviUpn of medicine called phyfiology. See Physiology, Cycl. In another view it conftitutes a branch of what we otherwife call anthropology. See Anthropology, Cycl. Anatomy, with regard to its object, is divided into offeology and farcology. Sec Osteology, and Sarcology,
ANA
The firft treats of the bones and cartilages; the fecond i3 fubdivded into fplanchnology, which comprehends the hiftory of the internal parts, and more particularly of the vifcera ; myology, or the doctrine of the mufcles ; and angeiology, which "treats of the velTels, viz. the nerves, arteries, veins, and lymphatick veffels.
Others divide Anatomy with regard to its objefls, into that of live bodies, and that of dead caicafles. Herophilus and Erafiftratus, we are told by Celfus, difefled live perfons: Condemned criminals were fent to the former by princes, on purpofe that he might have an opportunity of feeing the parts in their natural ftate, before any alterations induced in them by difeafes or death.
The bodies of perfons who have fuffered a violent death, among which thofe that have been hanged, or loft their lives by ftrangulations with a cord, are the moft proper, and to be preferred before the relt. 'Tis for that reafon that Riolan rejects thofe dead carcafl'es which have been fuftocated in the water, as improper for Anatomy ; tho' Galen ufed moft fre- quently to drown fucii of his living creatures, as he 'had chofen for his anatomical operations. Vid. Bibl. Anat. T. 2. p. I. feq.
The inconveniencies that attend the diflciting of dead car- cafl'es have occafioned the invention of anodier cleanlier and more durable kind of fubjefls. Reifelius contrived a human ftatue, wherein the circulation of the blood was reprefented to the fight, and fomething of the like kind was lately fhewn among us by M. Chovet. .Vid. Efbem. Acad. N. C. dec. 1. an. 9. Obf. I.
Who has not feen the wax-work Anatomy ? The author of that ingenious invention feems to have been Gactano Ginlio Zumba, a Sicilian of Syracufe ". Yet M. des Nones, who learnt it of him, and probably made fome improvements in it, bringing it to Paris, arrogated the chief honour of ir to himfelf . Some prefer before all the reft, for public lectures and courfes, the ufe of real parts of dead bodies prepared by injeaion d . — [ b Bibl. Ital. T. 2. p. 16. ' Jour, des Scav. T. 68. p. 335. feq. d Bibl. Ital. T. 3. p. 63. feq.] Anatomy is by others divided into medicinal and phyfical. Phyfical Anatomy, Anatomia pbyjica, is that employed in enu- merating and defcribing the feveral folid parts of the body, as bones, cartilages, membranes, mufcles, tendons,^ nerves, ligaments, arteries, veins, lymphyduiSts, &c. defcribing their figure, fituation, connection, &c.
Medicinal Anatomy, Anatomia medica, is that, which to. the former enquiries adds that of the office and ufe of the feveral parts and their concern in health or difeafes. Goclic. Hift. Anat. §. 8.
Some give a particular fpecies of this under the denomination of chirurgical Anatomy. Jour, des Scav. T. Si. p. ic; Inftruments neceffary to perform anatomical operations are of two kinds, viz. fome for neceffary ufe, others for Ihew only, or ornament's fake.
The neceffary inftruments are of twelve feveral forts, viz. the needle, thread, dilleeting knives, fmall hooks, a whet- ftone, fpunge, a pair of fcifliirs, a ftyle, a fmall hollow pipe, a pair of fmall bellows, a faw and an elevatory. Vid. Bibl. Anat. T. 2. p. 2.
Some confiderable phyficians have endeavoured to check a minute ftudy of Anatomy, as of no ufe in phyfic. 'Tis in reality but a fmall part of the fcience, as it now ftands, that comes in play in the medicinal practice. It feems enough for a phyfician to knowthe number, fituation, communication, and ufe of the parts, without lofing time in a minute inveftiga- tion of their intimate ftruaure, to the fmalleft fibers they are compofed of. V. Neuter. Theor. Homin. Sani. Mem. de Trev. 1720. p. 77.
Anatomy is alfo of ufe in painting, defigning, ftatuary, &c Leonardo da Vinci, and all the great mailers ftudied it with particular application. Titian took fo much delight in it, thathedefigned the figures forVefalius's^«flr<?fl?j>. M.dePiks,- under the fiaitious name of Tortebaf, and deRoffi at Rome", have publifhed books of Anatomy particularly accommodated to this ufe. — [ d Nouv. Rep. Lett. T. 45„p. 553. ' A transi- tion of this has been given in Englanjl, under the title of " Anatomy improved and illuftrated, with regard to the ufe " thereof in defigning."]
Moft of thofe who have attempted to give the hiftory of Anatomy, have rather given that of the anatomifts than of the art it felf, that is,"of the difcoverers, than of the difco- veries and improvements themfelves, in the order wherein they were made. Solomon Albertus ', in 1578 publifhed an oration concerning the origin and growth of Anatomy ; but it only contains the general points of the anatomical hiftory. Many years after Goelick=, profeffor of phyfic at Hall, pub- lifhed in 1713, a hiftory of Anatomy, modern as well as an- tient, wherein he promifed a view of moft, if not all the writers on it from the origin of phyfic to his own time ; but the work proved many ways defeaive, fcarce a fourth part of the writers are mentioned in it, not to mention the fuperfi- cial account here given of the progrefs of the knowledge of the ftruaure of the human body, or the great number ot errors committed in it. Dr. Douglafs has fucceeded much better in a fpeclmen of an anatomical bibiiotheca publifhed
