ANT
ANTU'ATHES, among the antient naturaliffs, was ufed to exprefs any ftone or gem, which according to their fuperfti- tious ideas of the virtues of gems at that time was fuppofed to have a power of refilling the force of inchantments. Pliny mentions a very valuable gem, called by the antients Antipathes for this very reafon ; and the black coral had the fame name, on the fame occafion. Plin. Hift. Nat. 1. 37. c ic ANTIPATHY (Cycl.)-A large part of the inftances of An- tipathies arc perhaps no better than fables, and a fevere exami- nation would leave them on no other footing than vulgar er- rors 3 . Thus the Antipathy between the toad and the fpider, and that they poifonoufly deftroy each other, is famous ; and folemn ftories have been written of their combats, wherein the victory commonly falls to the lot of the fpider. But of what toads or fpidcrs this holds good, may be hard to (hew. The Phahngium and deadly fpiders are different from thofe we generally find in England : but for thefe laft, Dr. Brown af- files us, that having inclofed a toad with feveral fpiders in a glafs, the fpiders were feen without any refinance, fitting on his head and palling over all parts of his body ; till he could find an advantage, when he fwallowed them down, and that to the number ofVeven in a few hours b . — [ a Morhof. Polyhift.T. 2 c. 8.n. 10. b Brown, Vulg. Errors, 1. 3. c. 27. p. 147. feq.] Whether a lion be alfo afraid of a cock, as is related by many and believed by moft, may be pretty eafily imagined from what Camerarius relates, viz. That in the court of Ba- varia, one of the lions leaping down into a neighbour's yard. eat up the cocks and hens. Brown, Vul. Err. 1. 3. c. 27 p. 148- See thearticle Sympathy. Antipathy is fometirnes alfo ufed in a moral fenfe to denote a conteft between the mind and the body, or between reafon and inclination. Cham). Lex. Phil. p. 47. Antipathy is ufed in painting, for an oppofition between the qualities of colours. Du Piles, Converfat. fur la Con noif. de la Paint, p. 295.
This Antipathy is chiefly obferved between colours, which endeavour, as it were, to predominate over each other, and which by their mixture deftroy each other, e. gr. ultramarine and vermillion. This docs not obtain in the clair obfeure ; for tho' there be nothing more oppofitc to each other than black and white, as the one reprefents light, and the other darknefs ; yet they each prefcrve themfclves in the mixture. and form together a grey which partakes of both. ANTIPELARGIA, Av\mi\*%yiu, among the antients, a law whereby children are obliged to furniih ncceflaries to their aged parents. Cah. Lex. Jur. p. 74. The Ciconia, or ftork, is a bird famous for the care it takes of its parents when grown old. V. Suic. Thef. T. 1. p. 380. fcq. in voc. AylivtT^^yumu
Hence, in fomc Latin writers, this is rendered lex Ciconiaria, or the ftorks law. Paflavant has publifhed a differtation ex- prefs de Antipelargia. Bafil. 1672* 4°* ANTIPERISTALTIC (Cycl.)— Phyficians antient as well a modern have ufually had rccourfe to the notion of an Anti- perijlaltic motion to account for the action of vomiting and the phenomena of the miferere mci, or iliac paffion. In behalf of the former M. Littrc alledges that as the cefophagus, the ftomach and inteftines are but one and the fame conti- nued canal, every where lined with the fame flefhy fibres, and' as it is allowed, that the inteftines befides their natural or periftaltic motion (whereby being fucceffively contracted from above downwards, they expel their contents in this di- rection ;) have alfo an Antiperijlaltic or preternatural motion, whereby they contract from below upwards and thus reject their contents ; it is highly probable that the other members of the fame canal, viz. the ftomach, and cefophagus are alfo fometirnes fubject to the like Antiperijlaltic motion ; and return their contents to the mouth. V. Hift. Acad. Scienc. An. 1700. p. 37.
The caufe of the Antiperijlaltic motion is ufually affigned to be a ftoppage of fome of the inteftines, but chiefly of the ilium. The mechanifm whereby it is effected differs in nothing from that which produces the periftaltic motion, except in the determination of the motion, which in iliac cafes prevents the faeces from proceeding on to the anus ; fo that the mo- tion is periftaltic from the ftomach to the place of obftruction ; but when the fecal matters are arrived there, .they give rife to an Antiperijlaltic motion by occafioning a great influx of fpirits into the flefhy fibres adjoining ; thefe being contracted, of courfe will comprefs, and propel the contents and chy- lous matters towards that fide where there is the leaft reftftance, which will be upwards, fmce an infurrnountable obftacle is fuppofed downwards : confequently they mult rife to the fibres . next above, which being contracted in their turn, will raife them a ftep further, till by degrees they have reached the pylorus, whole valve being forced, admits them into the cavity of the fto- ma ch, from whence they continue their afcent to the mouth. Some late ingenious authors feem to have over-turned the whole Antiperijlaltic fyftem, and fhewn this motion imagi- nary as well as un neceffary for accounting for thefe difordere. Mefl. Chirac and Du Verney have endeavoured to prove this in ref peft of vomiting, and M. Haguenot % and after him M. St. Andre b , in the iliac paflion.— [* Mem. Acad. Scienc. 1713. p. 472. feq. " Phil. Tranf. N°. 351. p. 581.J I
ANT
ANTIPHERNA, among the antient Greeks, denoted a kind of fettlement made on a wife in cafe of furviving her hufband, as an equivalent for her dowry. Potter, Arcbeol. 1. 4. c. n. Pitifc. Lex. Ant. in voc. The word is Greek, AflipefM, and was otherwife called
iiVo&,*ov, fomejimes A7ro1i^r,£(,as.
ANTIPHONALLY, in reipect of church mufic, imports as much as alternately, or anthem wife.
The Greeks have a method of finging Aniiphonally, aniipha- nattm, called by them irx%xxQv\xx.:-iv, wherein two perfons fing together and then are filent, and fucceeded by two others, who fing a while and then are filent, and fo on. Goar. ad Eu- chol. p. 123. Du Cange, Glofi". Gr. T. 1. p. 89. Scbmid. Lex. p. 54.
ANTIPHONARY, Antiphonar'tum, a book containing the an- tiphona?, or anthems of the whole year. Spelm. Gloli* p. 33. Du Cange, GlofT. Lat. T. 1. p. 244. See Antiphony. This is otherwife called rcjponjonarium, from the refponfes therein contained. Durand, Ration. 1. 6. c. 1. n. 24. The author of the Roman Antiphonary was pope Gregory the great.
We alfo find mention of nocturnal and diurnal Antiplwnaries y for the ufe of the daily and nightly offices; fumruer and win- ter Antiphonartes, alfo Antiphonaries for country churches, &c. Du Cange, loc. cit. Lipen. Bibl. Theol. T. 1. p. 64.
ANTIPHONY, Antiphona, {Cycl.) fometirnes denotes a fpe- cies of pfalmody, wherein the congregation being divided into two parts, repeat the pfalms, verfe for verfe, alternately. Ifid. Orig. 1. 6. c. 19. Spelm. Gloff. p. 33. Bingh. Orig. Ecclef. T. 1. 1. 14. c. 1. §. 10.
In this fenfe, Antiphony fiands contradiftinguifhed from, fym- phony, where the whole congregation .fings together. See Symphony, Cycl.
Antiphony differs from refponforimn, in that in this latter the; verfe is only fpoke by one perfon, whereas in the former, the verfes are fung by the two choirs alternately. Socrates calls it A^up^ov t!f*w^i«v, the antiphonal hymnody, St. Ambrofe refponjoria, or finging by rcipunlals. Du Cange, Gloff. Grax, 1'. I. p. 89.
The original of antiphonal finging in the weftern churches is referred to the time of St. Ambrofe. That father is faid to. have firft introduced it into the church of Milan, in imitation of the cuftom of the eaftern church, where it appears to be of greater antiquity, tho' as to the time of its inftitution, authors are not agreed; fomc dating it only from the reign of Con- itantius, while others pretend to find it in the time of Igna- tius. V. Bingh. and Spelm. loc. cit.
Antiphony is alfo ufed to denote the words given out at the beginning of the pfalm, to which both the choirs are to accommodate their finging. Magr. Vocab. Ecclef, p. 18. feq. Du Cange, Gloff. Gr. T. 1. p. 89. Rechenb. Hiero, Lex. T. \. p. 96.
Antiphony, in a more modern fenfe, denotes a kind of com- pofition made of feveral verfes extracted out of different pfalms, adopted to exprefs the myftery folemnized on the oc- cafion. Magr. Du Cange, & Rechenb. loc. cit.
Antiphona adlntroitwn, that antiently fung in the introit of the mafs. Du Cange, Glofi". Gr. T. 1. p. 89.
Antiphona Invitatoria, that repeated at the pfalm venite $x- ultc?nus. Schmid. Lex. Ecclef. p. 55.
Antiphona Majores, thofe feven ufed to be fung in the time of Advent, at the magnificat, and during the feven days before Chriftmas. Schmid. loc. cit.
Antiphonje procejfionales, thofe fung at procefllons.
ANTiPHONiE Rogationales, thofe rehearfed at rogations.
Antiphony, in the antient mufic, differed from fymphony. See the article Symphony.
ANTIPHYSON, an appellation given by fome antient writers to the load-ftone. Marcell. Empir. cle Medicam. c. 1. The name imports as much as, rejlans, or blowing back, or againft ; being taken from the operation of the magnet, whereby it repels iron, which was formerly fuppofed to be done by virtue of a blaft, or breath emitted from it. V. Mem. Acad. Infcrip. T. 6. p. 386. feq.
ANTIPOPE, a falfe or pretended pope ; or one that is irregularly- elected in oppofition to another.
Church hiftory is full of the elections, the intrigues, and the fchifms of Antipopcs ; their depofitions by councils ; their pro- mifes and oaths to abdicate ; and fometirnes, tho 5 very rarely, their performance of their oaths.
There have been Antipopes in all ages. Geddes gives the hif- tory of no lefs than twenty-four fchifms in the Romifii church, caufed by Antipopes ; fome took their rife from a diverfity of doctrine and belief, which led different parties to elect each their feveral pope ; but the greater part from du- bious controverted rights of election, the fruits of chicane and ambition. V. Gedd. Hift. of Schifin in Rom. Church. p. 2. ap. ejufd. Mil". Traft. T. 3. & VEnfant, Hift. du Cone, de Pif. 1. 1. & 2. Jour, des Scav. T, 76. p. 11. feq.
ANTI-PORTICO is ufed by fome for a veftible, or porch,
at the entrance of an edifice. V. Giorn. de Letter, d' Ital.
T. 23. p. 332.
ANT1PRAXIA, in the antient phyfic, denotes a contrariety
of functions, temperaments, fcfr, indifferent parts of the body ;
