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autumn following. The old Artichoale ftocks are to be dreffed in the latter end of February or beginning of March j this muft be thus performed ; with a fpade remove all the Earth from about the ftock, down below the Part from which the young fhoots are produced. Then make choice of two of the cleareft and ftraighteft, and moil promifing plants which are produced from the under part of the ftock, let thefe be left for a crop ; then with a thumb, force off all the other buds and young fhoots clofe to the Head of the ftock, from whence they are produced, and with the fpade draw the earth about the two plants which are left, clofing it faft with the hands to each of them, and fcparating them afunder as far as can be without breaking them, then crop off the tops of the leaves which hang down.
When this is done, a crop of fpinach may be fowed between the ftocks, which will be gathered off before they come to ripen ; in the beginning of May when the Artichoaks begin to fruit, all the young plants produced fince the drefling muft be removed, and all the fuckers taken off, leaving only the one principal fruit ; and when the Artichoak is fit to gather, the ftock muft be cut down clofe to the ground, that it may fhoot out new fprouts before October, which is the feafon for earth- ing them, or as the gardners call it landing the Artichoak ftocks. Miller's Gardners Diet.
The earthing them is thus done ; cut off all the fprouts clofe to the ground, then dig trenches between the rows covering up the ftocks with the earth in ridges ; thofe Artichoaks which are planted in amoift rich foil will always produce the largeft fruit, but the roots will not live thro' the winter in a very moift one. The Artichoak is a pleafant, wholefome, and very nourifh- ing food ; the roots are reckoned to be apperitive, cleanfing, and diuretic ; good for the jaundice, and to provoke urine. The French and Germans eat not only the heads, but alfo the young ftalks boiled, and feafoned with butter and vinegar. The Italians feldom boil the heads, but eat them raw, when young, with fait, oil, and pepper,
Artichoaks have the reputation of promoting venereal inclina- tions to a very great degree ; the ftalks, preferved in honey, are faid to be an excellent pectoral; but they {hould firft be blanched, like celery.
The common leaves, boiled in white wine whey, are much commended in the jaundice, as is alfo the juice of thefe leaves. Vid. James's Diet. Med. T. 2. in voc. See Cinara.
Jerufalem Artichoak is the root of a fpeciesof fun-flower of the perennial kind, which is propagated in many gardens for the life of the kitchen; it is a very agreeably rafted root, but watery and windy, and therefore at prefent generallydifregarded. It is propagated by planting out the fmaller roots, or even pieces of the larger, which have buds to them in the fpring or autumn; they muft be allowed a very considerable diftance, for they fpread immoderately, and multiply very quick. The autumn following when their ftems decay, the roots may be taken up for ufe. They are but an unfightly plant tho' very tall, and are commonly placed in obfeure corners of a garden. Miller's Gardeners Diet.
ARTICULATED Lftel, Libellus Articulates, that wherein the parts of a fact are fet forth to the judge in fhort, diftinct articles. Calv. Lex. Jur. p. 0,2.
This amounts to the fame with what is otherwife called Li- bellus pofitionalis.
Articulated Leaf. See Leaf.
Articulated Radius, in natural hiftory. SeeRADius ar- t'tculatus.
ARTIFICERS, thofe who work with the hands, and fell things fafhioned by them into other forms.
Artificers amount to the fame with what we otherwife call handicrafts and mechanics ; fuch are fmiths, carpenters, taylors, {hoemakers, weavers, and the like.
By the Enghflj laws, Artificers in Wool, iron, fteel, brafs or other metal, going out of the kingdom into any foreign coun- try without licence, are to be imprifoned three months, and fined in a fum not exceeding one hundred pounds. And fuch as going abroad and not returning on warning given by our embaftadors, &c. {hall be dlfabled from holding lands by def- eent or devife, from receiving any legacy, &c. and be deemed aliens. Stat. 5 Geo. I- c. 27. _
The Roman Artificers had their peculiar temples, where they affembled and chofe their own patron, to defend their caufes : They were exempted from all perfonal fervices. Taruntenus Paternus reckons thirty-two fpecies of Artificers, and Con- ftantlne thirty-five, who enjoyed this privilege. The Artifi- cers were incorporated into divers colleges or companies, each of which had their tutelar gods, to whom they offered their worihip. Several of thefe, when they quitted their profeffion. hungup their tools, a votive offering to their gods. Fitifc. Lex. Antiq. T. 1. p. 182.
Artificers were held a degree below merchants, and argenta- rii^ or money-changers, and their employment more fordid. Some deny, that in the earlieft ages of the Roman ftate, Arti- ficers were ranked in the number of citizens > others, who aflert their citizenfhip, allow that they were held in contempt, as being unfit for war, and fo poor that they couid fcarce pay any taxes. For which reafon they were not entered among the citizens, in the cenfors books ; the defign of the cenfus Suppl. Vol. I.
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being only to fee what number of perfons were yearly fit to bear arms, and to pay taxes towards the fupport of the ftate. It may be added, that much of the Artificers bufinefs was done by flaves, and foreigners, who left little for the Romans to mind but their hulbandry and war. V. Dionyf. Halicarn* 1. 2. p. 98. It. I. 9. p. 583. Sigm. de Ant. Jur. Civ. 1. 2. c. 12. Pitifc. ubi fupra. T. 1. p. 182; Ramazini has a treatife exprefs on the difeafes of Artificers* De Morbis Artifkum Diatriba, Mutin. 1700. 8°. See Mem. deTrev. 1704. p. 920. Artificer by Fire, a denomination fometimes given to che- mifts, and workers in metals. Side. Thef. T. 1. p. 620. in
VOC. 8«»«*(70!.
ARTIFICIAL {CycL)— Artificial Mufic, that which is according to the rules of art ; or executed by instruments in- vented by art. It is alfo ufed, in another fenfe, for fome artful contrivance in mufic ; as when a piece is fung in two parts ; one whereof is by B molle, or flat, and the other by B fharp. See Artificii mujicali del Signer Vitali.
Artificial Lightning. See Lightning Artificial.
Artificial Magnets. See Magnets.
ARTILLERY {Cycl.) — Artillery Guard is a detachment from the army to fecure the artillery. This corps is in the front, and their centries are round the park. Upon a march they go in the front and rear of the Artillery, and muft be fure to leave nothing behind. If a gun or waggon break down, the captain is to leave a part of his guard to aflift the gunners and matroffes in getting it up again.
ARTIPHYES, A$tipvr,<; 9 in the antientphyfic, denotes an even* entire, and perfect critical day ; fuch, according to Hippo- crates, are the fourteenth and forty-fecond days. Bfun. Lex. Med. p. 134.
ARTISCUS, Aglitrx©-, in medicine, denotes a troche, but more particularly that prepared of viper's flefh, mixed up with bread, to be ufed in the compofition of veriicc treacle. Gorr. Def. Med. p. 55. b.
Thefe are more particuly called Artifci Theriaci, or theriacal troches.
They were formerly in great vogue, and brought with much parade from venice ; but Zwelfer a dHcovered their vanity ; fince which time, vipers powder has been generally fiibftituted for them, in the preparation of the treacle b .-*-[ a In Pharmac. Auguft. Animadv. ad cl. 12. p. 209. feq.. b Bran. Lex* Med. p. 133. feq.]
ARTIST, in a general fenfe, a perfon fkilled in fume art. In this fenfe, we fay, an excellent, a curious Artiji. The preheminence is difputed between antient and modern Artijls^ efpecially as to what relates to fculpture, painting, and the like. At Vicenza, we are told of a privilege granted to Ar- tifis, like that of clergy in England ; a in virtue of this, cri- minals adjudged to death, fave their lives if they can prove themfelves the moft excellent and coniummate workmen in any ufeful art. This benefit is allowed them in favor em artis, for the firft offence, except in fome particular crimes, of which coining is one. b The exception is juft, fince here the greater the Artiji, the more dangerous the perfon. — [ a Evcl. Difc. of Medals, c. 7. p. 237. feq. b Evel, loc. cit. p. 238.] De Piles mentions a blind Artiji at Paris, who by only feeling the features of a face, could take, and mould the exact like- nefs of it in wax. De Piles, Cours de Pe'int. p. 329. Wolf. Pfychol. Rat. §. 162.
There are fmall encouragements for Artijls at Siam, where if a perfon fhould arrive at any excellency, he would for his reward be obliged to work for the emperor gratis. Jour, des Scav.T. 19. p. 264.
Artist, Artijia, in an academical fenfe, denotes a philofophcr or proficient in the faculty of arts. Heuman. Via ad Hiftor. Liter, c. 4. §. 39.
In the early ages of univerfi ties, the feven liberal arts compleatcd the whole courfe of ftudy or philofophy, as it was called. Whence the matters in this faculty were denominated Artifis. The word is barbarous, formed in the ninth century, from Arsy with a termination which belongs rather to Greek words than to Latin. — An anonymous author has given the hiftory of the word Artiji as ufed for a philofopher. Vid. Obferv. Halenf. T. 6. Obf. 14. p. 118. feq.
From the fame origin come alfo the words Arttjlu, Ariijlicus* and Artigrapher, Artigraphus, found in fome writers of thofe
a S es * .
Artist is more peculiarly underftood of a chemift or alche-
mift. Obferv. Halenf. T. 6. Obf. 23. §. 1.
In which fenfe it is, that Paracelfus and other Adepts ufe the
We find frequent mention in authors of this clafs of Elias Artijia, or Elias the Artiji, who is to come fome time be- fore the diffolution of the world, and reftorc and make per- fect all arts and fciences, but efpecially the gold making art, and ufher in a truly golden age, or millennium. The lower and meaner things in this fublime art, Paracelfus obferves, God has permitted to be already difcovered ; but for the greater and more important matters, as the tranfmuta- tion of other metals into gold, they are referved to the coming of Elias the Artiji, Paraceij.fe Vitriol, c. 8. Obf. Halenf. loc. cit. §. 3. *
3 H ^ne
